999精品在线视频,手机成人午夜在线视频,久久不卡国产精品无码,中日无码在线观看,成人av手机在线观看,日韩精品亚洲一区中文字幕,亚洲av无码人妻,四虎国产在线观看 ?

癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性大動脈狹窄管理規范
——中國卒中學會科學聲明(2)

2017-01-11 12:05:16中國卒中學會科學聲明專家組
中國卒中雜志 2017年2期
關鍵詞:癥狀研究

中國卒中學會科學聲明專家組

(接上期)

3 癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄治療進展

癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄的治療是一項綜合的管理措施,包括危險因素的有效控制、抗栓藥物的選擇及手術干預。下面就幾項存在爭議的方面進行重點說明。

3.1 癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄雙聯抗血小板治療時限及方案選擇 氯吡格雷用于急性非致殘性腦血管事件高危人群的療效(Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Treatment of High-risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Event,CHANCE)研究在5170例具有高復發風險急性輕型缺血性卒中或TIA患者中比較了氯吡格雷聯合阿司匹林雙聯抗血小板治療與阿司匹林單藥治療的有效性與安全性,結果顯示相對于阿司匹林單藥組,雙聯抗血小板治療組90 d卒中發生的相對風險減低32%(8.2%vs11.7%,RR0.68,95%CI0.57~0.81,絕對危險度降低3.5%)且未增加出血風險[76]。1年的隨訪結果顯示,雙聯抗血小板組卒中復發275例(10.6%),阿司匹林單藥組卒中復發為362例(14.0%)(HR0.78,95%CI0.65~0.93,P=0.006),出血事件差異兩組無顯著性[77]。對于伴有癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄的TIA和輕型缺血性卒中患者,來自CHANCE數據庫的亞組分析顯示,伴有顱內動脈粥樣硬化的患者,阿司匹林聯合氯吡格雷治療組3個月時發生卒中事件的HR為0.79(0.47~1.32),單抗組HR為1.12(0.56~2.25),交互分析P=0.522,提示伴有顱內動脈狹窄的非致殘性腦血管事件高危患者,雙聯抗血小板不能有效降低3個月時卒中復發風險,但此項亞組分析病例數較少,此結論仍不肯定,需要進一步驗證[78]。氯吡格雷聯合阿司匹林與單獨使用阿司匹林對于減少急性癥狀性腦動脈或頸動脈狹窄患者的栓塞研究(Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin Versus Aspirin Alone for Reducing Embolisation in Patients with Acute Symptomatic Cerebral Carotid Artery Stenosis,CLAIR)入組發病7 d內癥狀性顱內外大動脈狹窄且經顱多普勒(transcranial Doppler sonography,TCD)監測發現有微栓子信號(microembolus signal,MES)的患者,包括缺血性卒中[美國國立衛生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評分≤8分]或TIA,隨機分為氯吡格雷(300 mg負荷量,繼以75 mg,qd)聯合阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd)組和阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd)組,療程7 d[79]。研究結果:治療2 d和7 d時,聯合治療組較單用阿司匹林組MES陽性率和微栓子數目顯著下降。彌散加權像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)上急性梗死灶的數量、NIHSS評分、簡易精神狀態量表(the Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)評分在兩組之間差異無顯著性。亞組分析顯示,對70例單純顱內動脈狹窄患者,聯合治療組較單用阿司匹林組顯著降低了2 d、7 d MES陽性率。對于伴有顱內外大動脈狹窄的TIA和輕型缺血性卒中患者給予短期內氯吡格雷聯合阿司匹林治療較阿司匹林單獨治療可顯著減少微栓子監測信號,且未增加出血風險。支架和積極藥物管理預防顱內動脈狹窄患者卒中復發(SAMMPRIS)研究中[80-81],入組了451例發病30 d內的TIA或卒中患者,伴有癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄70%~99%,隨機分為強化內科治療組與強化內科治療+經皮血管成形并支架置入術(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting,PTAS)組,其中氯吡格雷聯合阿司匹林治療持續90 d,強化內科治療包括:阿司匹林325 mg,qd,聯合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd,持續90 d、收縮壓<140 mmHg(糖尿病患者<130 mmHg)、LDL<70 mg/dl、生活方式的改善,主要終點事件包括入組后或血管再通治療后30 d內的卒中或死亡,或30 d后發生流域內卒中事件。30 d卒中或死亡發生率為5.8%,1年時為12.2%,2年時為10.1%,3年時14.9%,低于以往的華法林與阿司匹林聯合治療癥狀性顱內疾病的試驗(WASID)研究中的發生率(在30 d和1年時卒中或死亡的發生率分別為10.7%和25%)[82]。

針對頸動脈,氯吡格雷聯合阿司匹林降低癥狀性頸動脈狹窄栓子(Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis,CARESS)研究納入了230例伴有癥狀性頸內動脈狹窄的TIA和缺血性卒中患者,并對107例發現微栓子的患者進行隨機分組,51例給予聯合氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)和阿司匹林(75 mg/d)7 d,56例給予阿司匹林(75 mg/d)7 d,結果顯示雙抗治療減少微栓子發生的效果顯著優于阿司匹林單抗治療[83]。雙聯抗血小板組入組7 d時的MES陽性率為43.8%,單抗組為72.7%,相對風險下降39.8%,95%CI13.8~58.0,P=0.0046。

推薦意見:基于上述研究,下列幾種情況,可考慮進行雙聯抗血小板治療:①癥狀性顱內外狹窄,具有卒中高復發風險(ABCD2≥4分)的急性非心源性TIA或輕型缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤3分),24 h內可給予:氯吡格雷300 mg負荷+阿司匹林150~300 mg負荷(第1天),氯吡格雷75 mg/d+阿司匹林100 mg/d(第2~21天),氯吡格雷75 mg/d(第22~90天)(B級證據,Ⅱa類推薦)。②發病7 d內癥狀性顱內外大動脈狹窄且經顱多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler,TCD)監測發現有MES的患者,包括缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤8分)或TIA,可給予氯吡格雷(300 mg負荷量,繼以75 mg,qd)+阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd),療程7 d(B級證據,Ⅱa類推薦)。③發病30 d內癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄,狹窄率70%~99%,可給予阿司匹林325 mg,qd+氯吡格雷75 mg,qd持續90 d(B級證據,Ⅰ類推薦)。

3.2 癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄其他抗血小板藥物的選擇 研究數據表明,在中國人群中58.8%CYP2C19 LOF等位基因為[*2和(或)*3]攜帶者[84],即如果患者由于個體差異不適合服用氯吡格雷,需要尋找替代治療方案。

西洛他唑與阿司匹林對缺血性卒中二級預防作用的比較研究(Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischemic Stroke Prevention,CASISP)和西洛他唑卒中二級預防研究(Cilostazol for Prevention of Secondary Stroke Ⅱ,CSPS Ⅱ)表明,在亞洲缺血性卒中和TIA人群中,與阿司匹林相比,西洛他唑在預防血管性事件發生方面不亞于阿司匹林,且不增加出血風險,但西洛他唑組相對于阿司匹林組停藥率顯著增加,應用西洛他唑后頭痛、頭暈和心動過速等不良反應發生較阿司匹林使用后常見[85-86]。對于癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄患者,西洛他唑可能會減慢狹窄的進展。西洛他唑對癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄的研究(Trial of Cilostazol in Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis,TOSS)是一項多中心、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究[87],入組了135例年齡35~80歲,發病2周內的缺血性卒中且伴有癥狀性大腦中動脈M1段或基底動脈狹窄的患者;隨機給予西洛他唑100 mg,bid聯合阿司匹林100 mg,qd或阿司匹林100 mg,qd治療,顱內動脈狹窄應用MRA聯合TCD評估,主要終點事件為發病后6個月癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄的進展,結果顯示西洛他唑組顱內動脈狹窄的進展較對照組低(P=0.008)。后續的研究(TOSS-2)應用相同的入組標準,研究了457例患者,隨機分組西洛他唑100 mg,bid聯合阿司匹林75~150 mg或氯吡格雷75 mg聯合阿司匹林75~150 mg,連續服用7個月[88]。主要終點事件為顱內動脈狹窄的進展,次要終點事件為MRI上新發梗死灶、并發心血管事件、主要出血事件。結果顯示兩組間主要、次要終點事件差異均無顯著性。

應用阿司匹林或替格瑞洛治療急性卒中或TIA的預后(Acute Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack Treated with Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes,SOCRATES)研究為國際多中心、隨機、雙盲、平行組優效性試驗[89]。入組發病24 h內急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者13 199例,年齡≥40歲,NIHSS評分≤5分或ABCD2≥4的患者,排除心源性栓塞及接受靜脈或動脈溶栓的患者。1∶1隨機進入替格瑞洛(第1天180 mg負荷劑量,第2~90天90 mg,bid)或阿司匹林組(第1天300 mg,第2~90天100 mg/d),療效隨訪90 d及安全性隨訪120 d。主要終點是入組后發生任何類型的卒中、心肌梗死和死亡的復合終點事件。結果顯示,經過90 d的治療,替格瑞洛組主要終點事件442例(6.7%),阿司匹林組為497例(7.5%)(HR0.89,95%CI0.78~1.01,P=0.07)。替格瑞洛組缺血性卒中發生385例(5.8%),阿司匹林組為441例(6.7%)(HR0.87,95%CI0.76~1.00)。主要出血事件在替格瑞洛組為0.5%,阿司匹林組為0.6%,兩組比較差異無顯著性。該研究結果提示,替格瑞洛治療急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者的療效與阿司匹林相當且不增加出血風險。

推薦意見:對于癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性缺血性卒中需要進行抗血小板治療的患者,如果存在明確證據表明抗血小板藥物抵抗或者其他原因導致的藥物不耐受或禁忌證,可以考慮給予西洛他唑或替格瑞洛治療,但其療效仍需進行臨床研究證實(B級證據,Ⅰ類推薦)。3.3 顱內外動脈狹窄個體化降壓治療 對于缺血性卒中患者的降壓治療,目前有指南推薦既往未接受降壓治療的缺血性卒中或TIA患者,發病數天后如果收縮壓≥140 mmHg或舒張壓≥90 mmHg,應啟動降壓治療[90]。然而,對于癥狀性顱內外動脈狹窄患者,降壓的策略仍存在爭議。WASID研究亞組分析顯示,收縮壓≥160 mmHg的患者流域內缺血性卒中或其他缺血性卒中復發風險顯著升高[91]。來自中國顱內動脈粥樣硬化(Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis,CICAS)的研究亞組共分析了2426例急性缺血性腦血管病患者[92],根據美國預防、檢測、評估與治療高血壓全國聯合委員會第七次報告(The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection,Evaluation,and Treatment of High Blood Pressure,JNC 7)的標準將住院期間血壓情況分組為正常、高血壓前期、高血壓Ⅰ期、高血壓Ⅱ期,主要終點事件包括死亡、出院時功能預后和1年的功能預后。結果顯示在重度狹窄組和閉塞組,血壓升高與出院時、1年的不良結局(mRS 3~5分)相關,校正后差異無顯著性。對于癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的患者,有學者應用頸動脈閉塞外科研究(Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study,COSS)中91例未接受手術治療且診斷為癥狀性頸動脈閉塞和低血流動力性腦缺血[93],比較平均血壓≤130/85 mmHg或維持更高的血壓兩組之間同側缺血性卒中復發風險。結果顯示在41例平均血壓≤130/85 mmHg的患者中3例發生同側缺血性卒中事件,在50例血壓>130/80 mmHg的患者中13例發生腦缺血(HR3.742,95%CI1.065~13.152,時序檢驗P=0.027),此結果提示降低血壓可能會降低此類患者的缺血風險。

椎動脈血流評估T I A和卒中風險(Vertebrobasilar Flow Evaluation and Risk of Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke,VERiTAS)是一項多中心隊列研究[69-70],入組發病60 d內患TIA或缺血性卒中的患者,伴有顱內外椎動脈或基底動脈狹窄(≥50%)或閉塞,應用QMRA的方法分析椎基底動脈腦血流,分析發現血流量下降患者卒中復發風險升高,且對于低血流量患者降低血壓可能會增加缺血風險。

推薦意見:對于癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者進行降壓治療可能降低腦缺血風險,但對于發病機制為低血流動力學的病例需制訂個體化的降壓方案(B級證據,Ⅱb類推薦)。

3.4 顱內外動脈狹窄他汀治療對斑塊穩定性的影響 眾多研究顯示,他汀類藥物的應用可有效降低缺血性卒中的復發風險,且已被作為一級推薦寫入缺血性卒中二級預防指南。近年來,隨著HRMRI的出現,臨床上對頸動脈斑塊的性質及穩定性有了進一步的認識。多數研究將頸動脈斑塊內的脂質核面積或體積的變化作為臨床藥物試驗的主要終點事件之一。這些研究發現,通過他汀類藥物治療,不僅低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平下降,而且斑塊負荷在一定時間內有所改善。

一項使用HRMRI針對歐美人群頸動脈斑塊的研究結果顯示[94],通過瑞舒伐他汀藥物治療2年后,患者的LDL-C水平明顯下降,同時發現富含脂質的壞死核(lipid-rich necrotic core,LRNC)所占管壁比例相對于基線期下降了41.4%(P=0.005)。瑞舒伐他汀對中國動脈粥樣硬化患者的治療評價(Rosuvastatin Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Chinese Patients,REACH)研究是一項開放標簽的、前瞻性自身對照研究,Du等[95]通過高分辨MRI評價頸動脈斑塊變化情況,旨在探討常規劑量瑞舒伐他汀對中國頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊患者的治療作用。該研究納入了43例18~75歲的頸動脈狹窄為16%~69%的患者(其中10例患者有腦血管病史),主要觀察終點為斑塊脂質核心的縮小,次要觀察終點為斑塊體積及其他指標的變化。最終32例患者完成了檢查,3個月時接受瑞舒伐他汀平均日治療劑量11 mg,LDL-C水平降低47%,高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)升高10%。治療3個月后斑塊中LRNC顯著縮小,從治療前平均(111.5±104.2)mm3下降到(103.6±95.8)mm3,平均下降7.3%(P=0.044),并減少斑塊處血管外膜和斑塊內血管新生,1年和2年隨訪顯示效果持續存在。而另外一些研究發現[96-97],在辛伐他汀治療后1年,動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的頸動脈管壁面積(wall area,WA)、管腔面積(lumen area,LA)、管壁厚度(wall thickness,WT)均明顯改善,其中頸動脈LA變化最明顯(下降15%,P<0.001);而在辛伐他汀治療的第2年,雖然血脂水平下降,但斑塊的WA、LA、WT卻有略微增大。部分研究顯示煙酸治療頸動脈狹窄效果尚不肯定[98-99]。

對于癥狀性顱內動脈粥樣硬化狹窄的患者,SAMMPRIS研究比較了單純強化內科藥物治療和顱內動脈支架治療聯合強化內科藥物治療在癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄患者中卒中再發的預防作用,強化內科藥物治療包括:阿司匹林325 mg,qd聯合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd持續90 d,收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)<140 mmHg(糖尿病患者<130 mmHg),LDL<70 mg/dl(使用瑞舒伐他汀20 mg)。結果顯示,顱內動脈支架治療后30 d內主要終點事件發生率較高(14.7%),而單純藥物治療組發生率低(5.8%)。研究分析:手術組事件高發及單純藥物治療組終點事件發生率較低可能與手術治療組的外在干預導致易損斑塊的再次破裂,以他汀類藥物為基礎的強化內科治療能穩定易損斑塊和改善患者腦血流灌注有關。

推薦建議:對于癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性缺血性卒中,強化他汀治療,LDL-C<1.8 mmol/L或降幅超過50%,可降低血管事件再發的風險(A級證據,Ⅰ類推薦)。對于癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄患者,應用強化他汀長期治療可穩定斑塊成分和逆轉斑塊體積(B級證據,Ⅱa類推薦)。他汀藥物對顱內動脈斑塊的影響,目前尚無研究證據。

3.5 支架/手術治療選擇 顱內動脈支架治療一直以來都飽受爭議,自從SAMMPRIS研究結果公布以后,此項治療方法不被推薦作為首選治療方案。如何有效地篩選需要介入治療的高危患者成為目前的研究熱點。一項來自中國的多中心癥狀性顱內動脈狹窄支架治療的登記研究,共入組sICAS患者(狹窄率為70%~99%)300例,且伴有較差的側支循環。主要終點事件為術后30 d內的卒中、TIA、死亡,次要終點事件為血管再通成功率。其中球囊支架159例,球囊擴張+自膨式支架141例。結果顯示術后30 d內的卒中、TIA、死亡發生率為4.3%,手術成功率為97.3%,球囊支架較球囊擴張+自膨式支架有更低的殘余狹窄率[100]。此項研究提示在中國人群中對嚴重癥狀性動脈粥樣硬化性顱內動脈狹窄(symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS)患者進行血管內支架治療的安全性和有效性是可接受的,球囊支架較自膨式支架殘余狹窄率可能更低。術前對患者的腦灌注和側支循環狀態進行評估可能有效篩選患者,提高獲益率。

對于無癥狀性顱外頸動脈狹窄的患者是否需要接受手術治療,支架與頸動脈內膜剝脫術的優劣一直存在爭議。1978年,Thompson等[101]發表了一篇無癥狀頸動脈狹窄頸動脈內膜切除術(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)的系統研究,此研究入組132例無癥狀頸動脈狹窄患者,共進行了167個CEA,術后2例發生TIA,2例卒中,在長達184個月的隨訪中,4.5%的患者出現TIA,2.3%出現卒中,2.3%死亡;而其另外選擇了138例無癥狀頸動脈狹窄患者,未進行手術治療,觀察其預后,隨訪期內,26.8%出現TIA,17.4%發生卒中,2.2%死亡。提示接受CEA手術治療的患者可明顯獲益。隨后無癥狀頸內動脈粥樣硬化研究(Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study,ACAS)和無癥狀頸動脈外科試驗研究(Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial,ACST)的系列研究結果提示,對于無癥狀重度狹窄患者而言,CEA較藥物治療更加有益。

對于CEA和頸動脈支架置入術(carotid artery stenting,CAS)的療效比較,前期的臨床研究認為,帶有捕獲和回收栓子裝置的頸動脈支架系統可作為具有中高危內膜剝脫術并發癥風險的患者的替代治療方案。近期公布了兩項針對CAS和CEA的隨機對照研究結果,讓我們對手術方式的選擇有了新的思考。頸動脈支架與內膜剝脫術對非癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的隨機對照研究(Randomized Trial of Stent versus Surgery for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis ACT-1)入組了1453例非癥狀性頸動脈狹窄的患者(定義為入組前180天無卒中、TIA或一過性黑蒙發作)[18],主要終點事件為術后30 d內的死亡、卒中或心肌梗死,及1年內同側卒中事件的發生,分析方法為非劣效性,范圍為3個百分點。結果顯示:對于主要復合終點事件,CAS不劣于CEA。CAS組事件發生率3.8%,CEA組為3.4%,P=0.01;術后30 d卒中率CEA組為1.4%,較CAS組2.8%低,但無統計學意義;術后5年內同側卒中比例CEA組為0.5%/年,CAS組為0.4%/年,差異無顯著性。

比較內膜剝脫術和支架對頸動脈再通治療效果的研究(Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial,CREST)入組癥狀性頸動脈狹窄和非癥狀性頸動脈狹窄患者[102],前期隨訪4年的結果顯示,無論是圍術期還是隨訪期內的任何時間,CAS組和CEA組間主要復合終點事件、心肌梗死、死亡和同側卒中發生率差異均無顯著性。近期公布了其10年的隨訪結果,共分析了2502例患者,主要復合終點事件兩組間差異無顯著性,CAS組事件發生率為11.8%(95%CI9.1~14.8),CEA組為9.9%(95%CI7.9~12.2),HR為1.10(95%CI0.83~1.44)。術后同側卒中發生率CAS組為6.9%(95%CI4.4~9.7),CEA組為5.6%(95%CI3.7~7.6),差異無顯著性,HR為0.99(95%CI0.64~1.52)。10年的隨訪結果較之前無變化。

推薦意見:①對于癥狀性顱內動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄(狹窄程度70%~99%,病灶長度≤15 mm,目標血管直徑≥2.0 mm)的患者,在內科標準治療無效或側支循環代償不完全[美國介入和治療神經放射學學會/介入放射學學會(American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology,ASITN/SIR)側支循環分級<3級]的情況下,血管內治療可以作為內科藥物治療輔助治療手段(B級證據,Ⅱa類推薦)。②對于無癥狀的頸動脈嚴重狹窄患者,可選擇頸動脈內膜剝脫術或支架治療作為藥物治療的輔助手段(A級證據,Ⅰ類推薦)。③對于近期發生TIA或6個月內發生缺血性卒中合并同側頸動脈顱外段嚴重狹窄(70%~99%)的患者,可選擇頸動脈內膜剝脫術或支架治療作為藥物治療的輔助手段(A級證據,Ⅰ類推薦)。

4 未來研究方向

隨著精準醫學時代的到來,易損血管(包括易損斑塊、病理狀態血流動力學)的個體化評估已成為癥狀性顱內外動脈粥樣硬化性疾病領域的新挑戰。

動脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊的評估目前有很多方法,對于顱外動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的評估,已經有了一套相對成熟的評估方法,然而這些方法是否能擴展至顱內動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的評估仍需進一步驗證。另外,在一些頸動脈斑塊的研究中,已經證實他汀類藥物可能逆轉斑塊或使其趨于穩定,然而,這些藥物對顱內斑塊的作用仍需要開展多中心的隨機對照研究進行證實。

顱內動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄后血流動力學的評估是進行血管內治療干預的關鍵評估指標。建立一個標準化的血流動力學評估方法是進行下一步臨床研究的前提和基礎。基于無創技術的計算機血流動力學分析是未來的發展趨勢,然而目前的研究方法仍存在一定局限性。與傳統方法比較,超級計算機技術可能更真實地模擬腦血流情況。隨后,在血流動力學指標指導下的臨床干預,將會使癥狀性顱內動脈粥樣硬化性疾病的治療方案更加優化。

1 Xu J,Liu L,Wang Y,et al.TOAST subtypes:its influence upon doctors' decisions of antihypertensive prescription at discharge for ischemic stroke patients[J].Patient Prefer Adherence,2012,6:911-914.

2 Wang Y,Zhao X,Liu L,et al.Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China:the Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis (CICAS) Study[J].Stroke,2014,45:663-669.

3 董強,黃家星,黃一寧,等.癥狀性動脈粥樣硬化性顱內動脈狹窄中國專家共識[J].中華神經精神疾病雜志,2012,38:129-145.

4 癥狀性顱內動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄血管內治療專家共識組.癥狀性顱內動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄血管內治療中國專家共識[J].中華內科雜志,2013,52:271-275.

5 中華醫學會神經病學分會,中華醫學會神經病學分會腦血管病學組.中國缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發作二級預防指南2014[J].中華神經科雜志,2015,48:258-273.

6 中華醫學會神經病學分會,中華醫學會神經病學分會神經血管介入協作組,急性缺血性腦卒中介入診療指南撰寫組.中國急性缺血性腦卒中早期血管內介入診療指南[J].中華神經科雜志,2015,48:356-361.

7 中華預防醫學會卒中預防與控制專業委員會腦血管病介入學組.癥狀性動脈粥樣硬化性椎動脈起始部狹窄血管內治療中國專家共識[J].中華醫學雜志,2015,95:648-653.

8 中華預防醫學會卒中預防與控制專業委員會介入學組,急性缺血性腦卒中血管內治療中國專家共識組.急性缺血性腦卒中血管內治療中國專家共識[J].中華醫學雜志,2014,94:2097-2101.

9 中國卒中學會,中國卒中學會神經介入分會,中華預防醫學會卒中預防與控制專業委員會介入學組.急性缺血性卒中血管內治療中國指南2015[J].中國卒中雜志,2015,10:590-606.

10 中華醫學會放射學分會介入學組.頸動脈狹窄介入治療操作規范(專家共識)[J].中華放射學雜志,2010,44:995-998.

11 Bouthillier A,van Loveren HR,Keller JT.Segments of the internal carotid artery:a new classification[J].Neurosurgery,1996,38:425-432; discussion 432-433.

12 North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial.Methods,patient characteristics,and progress[J].Stroke,1991,22:711-720.

13 European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group.MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial:interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%)or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis[J].Lancet,1991,337:1235-1243.

14 Rothwell PM,Gibson RJ,Slattery J,et al.Equivalence of measurements of carotid stenosis.A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms.European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group[J].Stroke,1994,25:2435-2439.

15 Wardlaw JM,Lewis SC,Humphrey P,et al.How does the degree of carotid stenosis affect the accuracy and interobserver variability of magnetic resonance angiography?[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2001,71:155-160.

16 Samuels OB,Joseph GJ,Lynn MJ,et al.A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2000,21:643-646.

17 Gao S,Wang YJ,Xu AD,et al.Chinese ischemic stroke subclassi fication[J].Front Neurol,2011,2:6.

18 Rosenfield K,Matsumura JS,Chaturvedi S,et al.Randomized Trial of Stent versus Surgery for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis[J].N Engl J Med,2016,374:1011-1020.

19 Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease(WASID) Trial Investigators.Design,progress and challenges of a double-blind trial of warfarin versus aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis[J].Neuroepidemiology,2003,22:106-117.

20 Chimowitz MI,Lynn MJ,Turan TN,et al.Design of the stenting and aggressive medical management for preventing recurrent stroke in intracranial stenosis trial[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2011,20:357-368.

21 Brinjikji W,Huston J 3rd,Rabinstein AA,et al.Contemporary carotid imaging:from degree of stenosis to plaque vulnerability[J].J Neurosurg,2016,124:27-42.

22 Naghavi M,Libby P,Falk E,et al.From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient:a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies:Part Ⅱ[J].Circulation,2003,108:1772-1778.

23 Muller JE,Stone PH,Turi ZG,et al.Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction[J].N Engl J Med,1985,313:1315-1322.

24 Ha SM,Suh SI,Seo WK,et al.Arterial wall imaging in symptomatic carotid stenosis:delayed enhancement on MDCT angiography[J].Neurointervention,2016,11:18-23.

25 Millon A,Mathevet JL,Boussel L,et al.Highresolution magnetic resonance imaging of carotid atherosclerosis identifies vulnerable carotid plaques[J].J Vasc Surg,2013,57:1046-1051.e2.

26 Singh N,Moody AR,Gladstone DJ,et al.Moderate carotid artery stenosis:MR imaging-depicted intraplaque hemorrhage predicts risk of cerebrovascular ischemic events in asymptomatic men[J].Radiology,2009,252:502-508.

27 Klein IF,Lavallée PC,Mazighi M,et al.Basilar artery atherosclerotic plaques in paramedian and lacunar pontine infarctions:a high-resolution MRI study[J].Stroke,2010,41:1405-1409.

28 Klein IF,Lavallée PC,Touboul PJ,et al.In vivo middle cerebral artery plaque imaging by highresolution MRI[J].Neurology,2006,67:327-329.

29 Kim JM,Jung KH,Sohn CH,et al.Middle cerebral artery plaque and prediction of the infarction pattern[J].Arch Neurol,2012,69:1470-1475.

30 Yuan C,Mitsumori LM,Ferguson MS,et al.In vivo accuracy of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging for identifying lipid-rich necrotic cores and intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced human carotid plaques[J].Circulation,2001,104:2051-2056.

31 Cai J,Hatsukami TS,Ferguson MS,et al.In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque:comparison of high-resolution,contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology[J].Circulation,2005,112:3437-3444.

32 Hatsukami TS,Ross R,Polissar NL,et al.Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque in vivo with highresolution magnetic resonance imaging[J].Circulation,2000,102:959-964.

33 Wasserman BA,Smith WI,Trout HH 3rd,et al.Carotid artery atherosclerosis:in vivo morphologic characterization with gadolinium-enhanced doubleoblique MR imaging initial results[J].Radiology,2002,223:566-573.

34 Xu WH,Li ML,Gao S,et al.In vivo high-resolution MR imaging of symptomatic and asymptomatic middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic stenosis[J].Atherosclerosis,2010,212:507-511.

35 Xu WH,Li ML,Gao S,et al.Middle cerebral artery intraplaque hemorrhage:prevalence and clinical relevance[J].Ann Neurol,2012,71:195-198.

36 Xu WH,Li ML,Gao S,et al.Plaque distribution of stenotic middle cerebral artery and its clinical relevance[J].Stroke,2011,42:2957-2959.

37 Degnan AJ,Gallagher G,Teng Z,et al.MR angiography and imaging for the evaluation of middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic disease[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2012,33:1427-1435.

38 Xu P,Lv L,Li S,et al.Use of high-resolution 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging to characterize atherosclerotic plaques in patients with cerebral infarction[J].Exp Ther Med,2015,10:2424-2428.

39 Sui B,Gao P,Lin Y,et al.Distribution and features of middle cerebral artery atherosclerotic plaques in symptomatic patients:a 3.0T high-resolution MRI study[J].Neurol Res,2015,37:391-396.

40 Molloy ES,Langford CA.Vasculitis mimics[J].Curr Opin Rheumatol,2008,20:29-34.

41 Makowski MR,Botnar RM.MR imaging of the arterial vessel wall:molecular imaging from bench to bedside[J].Radiology,2013,269:34-51.

42 Kooi ME,Cappendijk VC,Cleutjens KB,et al.Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging[J].Circulation,2003,107:2453-2458.

43 Trivedi RA,Mallawarachi C,U-King-Im JM,et al.Identifying inflamed carotid plaques using in vivo USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to label plaque macrophages[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2006,26:1601-1606.

44 Tang TY,Howarth SP,Miller SR,et al.The ATHEROMA (Atorvastatin Therapy:Effects on Reduction of Macrophage Activity) Study.Evaluation using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxideenhanced magnetic resonance imaging in carotid disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2009,53:2039-2050.

45 Tang TY,Patterson AJ,Miller SR,et al.Temporal dependence of in vivo USPIO-enhanced MRI signal changes in human carotid atheromatous plaques[J].Neuroradiology,2009,51:457-465.

46 Pedersen SF,Thrys?e SA,Paaske WP,et al.CMR assessment of endothelial damage and angiogenesis in porcine coronary arteries using gadofosveset[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2011,13:10.

47 Lobbes MB,Heeneman S,Passos VL,et al.Gadofosveset-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques:a proof-ofconcept study[J].Invest Radiol,2010,45:275-281.

48 Phinikaridou A,Andia ME,Protti A,et al.Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of endothelial permeability in murine atherosclerosis using an albumin-binding contrast agent[J].Circulation,2012,126:707-719.

49 Vancraeynest D,Roelants V,Bouzin C,et al.αVβ3 integrin-targeted microSPECT/CT imaging of in flamed atherosclerotic plaques in mice[J].EJNMMI Res,2016,6:29.

50 Schoenhagen P,Ziada KM,Kapadia SR,et al.Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes:an intravascular ultrasound study[J].Circulation,2000,101:598-603.

51 Musialek P,Pieni??ek P,Tracz W,et al.Safety of embolic protection device-assisted and unprotected intravascular ultrasound in evaluating carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions[J].Med Sci Monit,2012,18:MT7-18.

52 Hitchner E,Zayed MA,Lee G,et al.Intravascular ultrasound as a clinical adjunct for carotid plaque characterization[J].J Vasc Surg,2014,59:774-780.

53 Diethrich EB,Pauliina Margolis M,Reid DB,et al.Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound assessment of carotid artery disease:the Carotid Artery Plaque Virtual Histology Evaluation (CAPITAL) study[J].J Endovasc Ther,2007,14:676-686.

54 Liang Y,Zhu H,Friedman MH.Measurement of the 3D arterial wall strain tensor using intravascular B-mode ultrasound images:a feasibility study[J].Phys Med Biol,2010,55:6377-6394.

55 Majdouline Y,Ohayon J,Keshavarz-Motamed Z,et al.Endovascular shear strain elastography for the detection and characterization of the severity of atherosclerotic plaques:in vitro validation and in vivo evaluation[J].Ultrasound Med Biol,2014,40:890-903.

56 Roleder T,J?ka?a J,Ka?u?a GL,et al.The basics of intravascular optical coherence tomography[J].Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej,2015,11:74-83.

57 Regar E,Ligthart J,Bruining N,et al.The diagnostic value of intracoronary optical coherence tomography[J].Herz,2011,36:417-429.

58 Yoshimura S,Kawasaki M,Yamada K,et al.Visualization of internal carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients:a comparison of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2012,33:308-313.

59 Yoshimura S,Kawasaki M,Hattori A,et al.Demonstration of intraluminal thrombus in the carotid artery by optical coherence tomography:technical case report[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67:onsE305;discussion onsE305.

60 Yoshimura S,Kawasaki M,Yamada K,et al.OCT of human carotid arterial plaques[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2011,4:432-436.

61 Jones MR,Attizzani GF,Given CA 2nd,et al.Intravascular frequency-domain optical coherence tomography assessment of carotid artery disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2014,7:674-684.

62 Jones MR,Attizzani GF,Given CA 2nd,et al.Intravascular frequency-domain optical coherence tomography assessment of atherosclerosis and stentvessel interactions in human carotid arteries[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2012,33:1494-1501.

63 de Donato G,Setacci F,Sirignano P,et al.Optical coherence tomography after carotid stenting:rate of stent malapposition,plaque prolapse and fibrous cap rupture according to stent design[J].Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg,2013,45:579-587.

64 Setacci C,de Donato G,Setacci F,et al.Safety and feasibility of intravascular optical coherence tomography using a nonocclusive technique to evaluate carotid plaques before and after stent deployment[J].J Endovasc Ther,2012,19:303-311.

65 Given CA 2nd,Attizzani GF,Jones MR,et al.Frequency-domain optical coherence tomography assessment of human carotid atherosclerosis using saline flush for blood clearance without balloon occlusion[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2013,34:1414-1418.

66 Leng X,Wong LK,Soo Y,et al.Signal intensity ratio as a novel measure of hemodynamic significance for intracranial atherosclerosis[J].Int J Stroke,2013,8:E46.

67 Liebeskind DS,Kosinski AS,Lynn MJ,et al.Noninvasive fractional flow on MRA predicts stroke risk of intracranial stenosis[J].J Neuroimaging,2015,25:87-91.

68 Liebeskind DS,Fong AK,Scalzo F,et al.SAMMPRIS angiography discloses hemodynamic effects of intracranial stenosis:computational fluid dynamics of fractional flow[J].Stroke,2013,44:A156.

69 Amin-Hanjani S,Du X,Rose-Finnell L,et al.Hemodynamic features of symptomatic vertebrobasilar disease[J].Stroke,2015,46:1850-1856.

70 Amin-Hanjani S,Pandey DK,Rose-Finnell L,et al.Effect of hemodynamics on stroke risk in symptomatic atherosclerotic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease[J].JAMA Neurol,2016,73:178-185.

71 Berger A,Botman KJ,MacCarthy PA,et al.Longterm clinical outcome after fractional flow reserveguided percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46:438-442.

72 Tonino PA,De Bruyne B,Pijls NH,et al.Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention[J].N Engl J Med,2009,360:213-224.

73 De Bruyne B,Pijls NH,Kalesan B,et al.Fractional flow reserve–guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease[J].N Engl J Med,2012,367:991-1001.

74 Miao Z,Liebeskind DS,Lo W,et al.Fractional flow assessment for the evaluation of intracranial atherosclerosis:a feasibility study[J].Interv Neurol,2016,5:65-75.

75 Liu J,Yan Z,Pu Y,et al.Functional assessment of cerebral artery stenosis:a pilot study based on computational fluid dynamics[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2016,pii:0271678X16671321.[Epub ahead of print]

76 Wang Y,Wang Y,Zhao X,et al.Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack[J].N Engl J Med,2013,369:11-19.

77 Wang Y,Pan Y,Zhao X,et al.Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (CHANCE) trial:one-year outcomes[J].Circulation,2015,132:40-46.

78 Liu L,Wong KS,Leng X,et al.Dual antiplatelet therapy in stroke and ICAS:subgroup analysis of CHANCE[J].Neurology,2015,85:1154-1162.

79 Wong KS,Chen C,Fu J,et al.Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study):a randomised,openlabel,blinded-endpoint trial[J].Lancet Neurol,2010,9:489-497.

80 Chimowitz MI,Lynn MJ,Derdeyn CP,et al.Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365:993-1003.

81 Derdeyn CP,Chimowitz MI,Lynn MJ,et al.Aggressive medical treatment with or without stenting in high-risk patients with intracranial artery stenosis(SAMMPRIS):the final results of a randomised trial[J].Lancet,2014,383:333-341.

82 Chimowitz MI,Lynn MJ,Howlett-Smith H,et al.Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis[J].N Engl J Med,2005,352:1305-1316.

83 Markus HS,Droste DW,Kaps M,et al.Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic signal detection:the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial[J].Circulation,2005,111:2233-2240.

84 Wang Y,Zhao X,Lin J,et al.Association between CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele status and efficacy of clopidogrel for risk reduction among patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack[J].JAMA,2016,316:70-78.

85 Huang Y,Cheng Y,Wu J,et al.Cilostazol as an alternative to aspirin after ischaemic stroke:a randomised,double-blind,pilot study[J].Lancet Neurol,2008,7:494-499.

86 Shinohara Y,Katayama Y,Uchiyama S,et al.Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2):an aspirin-controlled,double-blind,randomised noninferiority trial[J].Lancet Neurol,2010,9:959-968.

87 Kwon SU,Cho YJ,Koo JS,et al.Cilostazol prevents the progression of the symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis:the multicenter double-blind placebocontrolled trial of cilostazol in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis[J].Stroke,2005,36:782-786.

88 Kwon SU,Hong KS,Kang DW,et al.Efficacy and safety of combination antiplatelet therapies in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis[J].Stroke,2011,42:2883-2890.

89 Johnston SC,Amarenco P,Albers GW,et al.Ticagrelor versus aspirin in acute stroke or transient ischemic attack[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375:1395.

90 Kernan WN,Ovbiagele B,Black HR,et al.Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45:2160-2236.

91 Turan TN,Cotsonis G,Lynn MJ,et al.Relationship between blood pressure and stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis[J].Circulation,2007,115:2969-2975.

92 Yu DD,Pu YH,Pan YS,et al.High blood pressure increases the risk of poor outcome at discharge and 12-month follow-up in patients with symptomatic intracranial large artery stenosis and occlusions:subgroup analysis of the CICAS study[J].CNS Neurosci Ther,2015,21:530-535.

93 Powers WJ,Clarke WR,Grubb RL,et al.Lower stroke risk with lower blood pressure in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia[J].Neurology,2014,82:1027-1032.

94 Underhill HR,Yuan C,Zhao XQ,et al.Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on carotid plaque morphology and composition in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients:a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging trial[J].Am Heart J,2008,155:584.e1-e8.

95 Du R,Cai J,Zhao XQ,et al.Early decrease in carotid plaque lipid content as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging during treatment of rosuvastatin[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2014,14:83.

96 Corti R,Fayad ZA,Fuster V,et al.Effects of lipidlowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions:a longitudinal study by high-resolution,noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging[J].Circulation,2001,104:249-252.

97 Corti R,Fuster V,Fayad ZA,et al.Lipid lowering by simvastatin induces regression of human atherosclerotic lesions:two years' follow-up by highresolution noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging[J].Circulation,2002,106:2884-2887.

98 Sibley CT,Vavere AL,Gottlieb I,et al.MRI-measured regression of carotid atherosclerosis induced by statins with and without niacin in a randomised controlled trial:the NIA plaque study[J].Heart,2013,99:1675-1680.

99 Lee JM,Robson MD,Yu LM,et al.Effects of highdose modified-release nicotinic acid on atherosclerosis and vascular function:a randomized,placebocontrolled,magnetic resonance imaging study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2009,54:1787-1794.

100 Miao Z,Zhang Y,Shuai J,et al.Thirty-day outcome of a multicenter registry study of stenting for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis in China[J].Stroke,2015,46:2822-2829.

101 Thompson JE,Patman RD,Talkington CM.Asymptomatic carotid bruit:long term outcome of patients having endaterectomy compared with unoperated controls[J].Ann Surg,1978,188:308-316.

102 Brott TG,Howard G,Roubin GS,et al.Long-term results of stenting versus endarterectomy for carotidartery stenosis[J].N Engl J Med,2016,374:1021-1031.

猜你喜歡
癥狀研究
Don’t Be Addicted To The Internet
有癥狀立即治療,別“梗”了再搶救
保健醫苑(2022年1期)2022-08-30 08:39:40
FMS與YBT相關性的實證研究
2020年國內翻譯研究述評
遼代千人邑研究述論
預防心肌缺血臨床癥狀早知道
可改善咳嗽癥狀的兩款藥膳
視錯覺在平面設計中的應用與研究
科技傳播(2019年22期)2020-01-14 03:06:54
EMA伺服控制系統研究
新版C-NCAP側面碰撞假人損傷研究
主站蜘蛛池模板: 成人在线亚洲| 国产高清无码麻豆精品| 国产在线98福利播放视频免费| 国产精品浪潮Av| 国产成人成人一区二区| 欧美综合中文字幕久久| 国产在线观看91精品亚瑟| 无码aaa视频| 国产精品永久在线| 好紧好深好大乳无码中文字幕| a级毛片免费播放| 亚洲男人的天堂久久精品| 欧洲日本亚洲中文字幕| 天堂av综合网| 日韩欧美视频第一区在线观看| 666精品国产精品亚洲| 国产精品无码久久久久AV| 日韩乱码免费一区二区三区| 无码久看视频| 国产精品成人第一区| 国产十八禁在线观看免费| 欧美一区中文字幕| 99国产在线视频| 亚洲天堂在线视频| 欧美在线三级| 国产乱人乱偷精品视频a人人澡| 国产第一福利影院| 欧美成人精品一区二区| 日韩色图在线观看| 欧洲成人免费视频| AⅤ色综合久久天堂AV色综合 | 亚洲精品欧美重口| 高清精品美女在线播放| 狠狠色丁婷婷综合久久| 色有码无码视频| 蜜臀av性久久久久蜜臀aⅴ麻豆| 久久国产亚洲欧美日韩精品| 亚洲天天更新| 美女内射视频WWW网站午夜| 亚洲国产成人久久精品软件| 欧美亚洲一区二区三区导航| 精品欧美日韩国产日漫一区不卡| 制服丝袜无码每日更新| 青青久视频| 免费日韩在线视频| 亚洲人成高清| 国产精品亚洲精品爽爽| 无遮挡国产高潮视频免费观看| 亚洲高清免费在线观看| 欧美久久网| 美女视频黄频a免费高清不卡| 亚洲第一极品精品无码| 国产精欧美一区二区三区| 亚洲最大福利视频网| 国产不卡在线看| 中文纯内无码H| 国产农村1级毛片| 欧美成人一级| 波多野结衣一区二区三区四区 | 国产一区二区丝袜高跟鞋| 九色视频一区| 欧美精品亚洲精品日韩专| 久久久久久久97| Aⅴ无码专区在线观看| 婷婷伊人五月| 国产jizzjizz视频| 欧美成人h精品网站| 99久视频| 日韩精品久久久久久久电影蜜臀| 久久特级毛片| 亚洲天堂高清| 国产区精品高清在线观看| 国产午夜一级淫片| 国产精品99久久久久久董美香| 国产成人高清精品免费5388| 亚洲系列无码专区偷窥无码| 亚洲国产成人精品青青草原| 免费人欧美成又黄又爽的视频| 99精品伊人久久久大香线蕉| 国产成人喷潮在线观看| 免费激情网址| 久久中文电影|