The research of Academy Culture in Modern Times

Wang+Fengyuan

【Abstract】In recent years， there is a growing tendency on Academy culture research， which are divided into three categories： overall research， regional study and case study.This paper talks the three aspects respectively.

【Key words】Chinese Ancient Academy； overall research； regional study； case study

1. Overall Research on Academy

At present， the integrative study on Academy can be roughly divided into four aspects： history of Academy development，Academy system and the function of Academy and comments of Academy.

In the history of Academy development， the book China Academies History written by Deng Hongbo， comprehensively expounded the development status of Chinese Ancient Academies， emphatically introduced the achievements in the development of the academies in each historical period， which also included many wonderful comments on Academies. It is an important reference book for those who study on Academies. Zhao Suoshengs book Chinese Dynasties Academy Documents recorded 115 articles records of ancient academies， it shouldn't be ignored when doing researches on Academy. Bai Xinliangs History of the Development of Ancient Academies， the contents of which are rich， and there is a lot of statistical data in the book， the feature of this book is to give facts， but not to judge. Edited by Zhu Hanmin， the book Chinese Academies have published a total of eight series，which contains the development status of Chinese Academies from ancient to modern society， and also evaluation of scholars on the development of the Academies， which is a very good reference material. In addition， Nie Chongqi in the book Relationship of Academy and Research verified the history of the Academies， which is worth of learning.

In the aspects of Academy System， some special introduction about Academies involved the contents， such as Bailudong Academy， Yuelu Academy， Erhu Academy etc...The Academy system， written by Hu Shi" was a paper focused on the Dyansty of Song and Qing Academy system research and the description of Academy spirits， but since then， people who research on Academy spirits are more and more. Chen Yuanhui and Wang Bingzhao wrote the book System of Chinese Ancient Academies， which introduces in detail the Academy courses， school regulations and other aspects of the content of the lecture system. In addition， Chinese Academies， edited by Zhu Hanmin， also has a discussion of the Academy system.

The Academy functions， mainly discusses the role of Academy played in the imperial examination， academic， social and collection. Li Bing in his book Academy-the Undertaker and Rectifier of Imperial Examination Oriented Education， analyzed the influence that Academy produced to the imperial examination oriented education， which were quite pertinent views. Zhang Jingsongs Reconsideration of Relationship between Academy and the Imperial Examination - Take the Academies From Tang Dynasties to Five Dynasties as an Example， he thought that the imperial examination was an important driving force for the development of the Academies. Deng Hongbos Neo- Confucianists and the Rising of Southern Song Acadymies， started from the relationship between Neo-Confucianism and the Academy， and he also considered that Neo-Confucianists in Southern Song Dynasty were committed to promoted the combination of Academy of science. Zheng Liancong's Bailudong Academy Library Catalogue Research， finished the Bailudong Academy library， expounds its characteristics and position in Classical Bibliography in China. Xiao Yongmings Academy and Local Social Interaction aims to elaborate the academy as a unique educational and cultural organization， the existence of close interaction with local society， and this relationship is mainly reflected in the multi-supporting of local government Academies and Academies to local economic and culture.

About the contents of Academies review， writings of Academy history， Academy function and the Academy system are more or less involved， and most of them hold a positive attitude and showed appreciation of Academy that has made indelible contribution in Chinese thousand years of culture， while what they criticized focused on the educational reform at the end of Qing Dynasty， which abolished the Academy， replaced it with school -this arbitrary exercise， but the Academy was in the name perished but in fact it was existed. Deng Hongbos Chinese Academy， the seventh and eighth series， with regard to such subject， and combined with the modern university system， provoked a profound thinking on the Academy education.

2. Regional study on Academy

There are increasingly works on the Regional Research on Academy， and in recent years a new trend occurs， that is in addition to the domestic research of Academy， there are also researches on our East Asian neighbors such as South Korea and japan.

On the book Analysis of Jiangnan Academy，written by Tong Xiao， certainly approves the role of Jiangnan Academy in making up deficiencies for official schools. Xi Kezhen in his book Nanjing Academy thought that Nanjing academy has laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Nanjing culture. Li Caidongs Jiangxi Ancient Academy Research， outlines the panorama of the development of Jiangxi Academy， and also it discusses Zhu Xi， Lu Jiuyuan and other scholars role in creating the Academy， this book is a representative work in Academy research.

Wang Libin， Liu Dongchangs book ErHu Academy， respectively from the historical evolution， teaching and management， the three regulations of ErHu Academy， describes the Academy from four perspectives architecture， inscriptions， odes and celebrity profile， however， the writing is a bit of terse.

Li Linqis Huizhou Academies， discusses the evolution relationship between Huizhou and Huizhou Academies thoughts. The author thinks that the traditional views insisted that Huizhou Area has been Neo-Confucianism is not correct， at the same time， the author discussed the features of Huizhou Academies.

Zhu Hanmins Yuelu Academy is important reference book for the introduction of historical development， buildings， inscriptions and other important figures of Yuelu Academy. This book shows strong academic and contains detailed historical materials， which is a good data for the study of Yuelu Academy.

In addition， there are some relevant monographs such as Southern Fujian Academy， Shandong Academies History， History of Henan Academy Education and the like. Research on the regional Academies， mostly were written by the Academies staff， or some thesis wrote by the Doctor students.

New characteristics emerged were the researches on Korea and Japan Academies. This began in around 2007， but in China， Taiwan practiced early. In 2007， Zheng Wanzuo in his book History of Korean Academies，analyzed the role of Academies in different historical period in the era of the Korean， and he thought that Academies and social forces have great relationship between growth and decline of the Shilin forces of China， the fate of Academy was similar in the late Ming Dynasty. The book Korean Academy and Rural Society， wrote by Li Haijun， discusses the Korean Academy in North Korea Late Age from the perspective of village history， so he thought that the organic relationship between the Academy and the rural society needs concern.

Namba Zhennan and Jane Yijings book Research Status and Programmes of Japan Academies， analyses education characteristic of Japanese Academies. Unlike the Chinese Academies， Japan Academies are social learning places free of the imperial examination system， the purpose of which was education. The author regarded the vassal state school， rural school， private school house， poetry house as modern education mechanism for Academies， however it over-viewed the Academies education in post-modernization of Japan.

Since Ming Dynasty， Chinese Academies had spread to Korea， Japan， and later they were modified by those countries. So presently the researches on the Academies of North Korea， Japanese can not only helps Academies research into deep development， but also strengthen the relationship between Chinese and other countries in East Asia. Meanwhile it can promote exchange and understanding among different parties.

3. Case Studies on Academies

In recent years， with the further development of the researches on Academies， the case study of Academies have been developed well. One of the most famous work is written by Li Caidong The History of Bailudong Academies. The author made exhaustive description about historical evolution， the character and the education thought of Bailudong Academies， and which has cited a lot of historical records， and what impressed most is that the author shows his own unique views. It is a rare good book of Academies works.

Generally speaking， Chinese culture hot in recent years has caused more and more peoples attention to the researches on Academies. Works on researches of Academies are increasing， and the scope of the study becomes more and more wider. In addition to the overall research on Academy， case studies on Academies is relative lack. And there are many studies of famous Academies， while for the small Academies， researches are less. And the study of the famous academies always focuses on historical textual research and their comments， less are in-depth excavation of historical materials. Especially to the researches of Academies founded in 1980s， only to stay on some memorial articles in the newspaper and some scholars writings， lacking of systemic study.

References：

[1]Deng Hongbo，Chinese Academy History，Hangzhou：Zhejiang Education Press，1997.

[2]Zhao Suosheng，Chinese Ancient Academy Records ，Nanji ng：Jiangsu Education Press，1995.

[3]Bai Xinliang， History of Chinese Ancient Academy，Tianjin： Tianjin University Press，1995.

[4]Chinese Academies，Zhu Hanmin edited，series 1-8.Changsha： Hunan University Press.

[5]Nie Chongqi，Academy and Academic Relations，Zhonghua Book Company，April 2009 .

[6]Hu Shi，the Academy System ，Academies and Cultural Heritage， the first page，compiled by Bian Xiaoxuan，Xu Yanping，April 2009.

[7]Chen Yuanhui，Wang Bingzhao，the Ancient Chinese Academy System，Shanghai：Shanghai Education Press，1995.

[8]Li Bing，Academy-the Undertaker and Rectifier of Imperial Examination Oriented Education，Search the Roots，Feb.2006.

[9]Zheng Liancong，Bailudong Academy library catalogue，Lantai World，Later Dec.2011.

[10]Tong Xiao，Analysis of Jiangnan Academy，Journal of literature and History，eleventh period，2003 .

[11]Xi Kezhen，Nanjing academy，Southeast Culture，eleventh period，2003.

[12]Li Caidong，Jiangxi Ancient Academy Research，Nanchang： Jiangxi Education Press，1993.

作者簡介：汪風園（1987-），女，漢族，安徽人，英語教師，碩士，研究方向：教育。