發(fā)酵飼料在養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中的研究進(jìn)展

衛(wèi)愛(ài)蓮，李呂木，李?yuàn)櫍旉悾鷱埑?/p>

（安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院，合肥 230026）

發(fā)酵飼料在養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中的研究進(jìn)展

衛(wèi)愛(ài)蓮，李呂木*，李?yuàn)櫍旉悾鷱埑?/p>

（安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院，合肥 230026）

發(fā)酵飼料是一種綠色環(huán)保的動(dòng)物飼料，不僅能改善飼料的適口性和提高飼料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收水平，還能增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的免疫功能，提高動(dòng)物健康。文章對(duì)發(fā)酵飼料在豬、雞、反芻動(dòng)物和水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物等畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中的應(yīng)用作以綜述，并對(duì)發(fā)酵飼料的發(fā)展前景進(jìn)行了展望。

發(fā)酵飼料；豬；雞；反芻動(dòng)物；水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物

隨著現(xiàn)代科技的迅速發(fā)展，養(yǎng)殖業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)更是突飛猛進(jìn)，由于養(yǎng)殖方式從散養(yǎng)到集中飼養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)變，一般普通飼料不能滿(mǎn)足畜禽的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要，某些飼料如餅粕類(lèi)飼料中含有硫甙、單寧，芥子酸及棉酚等有毒有害物質(zhì)可導(dǎo)致人畜中毒。還有一些飼料原料含有某些特殊的氣味，降低了飼料的適口性。更有某些飼料可導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物發(fā)生腹瀉等病癥的出現(xiàn)，在此前很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，抗生素的使用曾一度解決了這一問(wèn)題，但是隨著時(shí)間的推移，病原體產(chǎn)生了很強(qiáng)的抗藥性，一些藥物的殘留不僅危害動(dòng)物，最終也會(huì)給人類(lèi)的健康帶來(lái)極大的威脅[1]。目前，發(fā)酵飼料的發(fā)展，很好的解決了這一問(wèn)題，與一般普通飼料相比，發(fā)酵飼料具有以下5大優(yōu)勢(shì)：飼料經(jīng)過(guò)微生物的發(fā)酵，具有酸香味，改善了飼料的適口性，增加畜禽的采食量；發(fā)酵經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)，將一些大分子的纖維素和蛋白質(zhì)等分解為小分子且易被消化吸收，提高了飼料中營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化率和利用率；某些微生物如乳酸桿菌可抑制霉菌生長(zhǎng)，并對(duì)毒素有一定的降解作用，因此發(fā)酵還可以降解飼料中的有毒有害物質(zhì)；一般用于發(fā)酵的都是益生菌，可增強(qiáng)畜禽腸道有益菌的定植和提高免疫力；不同的發(fā)酵菌種都能產(chǎn)生促生長(zhǎng)因子，可促進(jìn)動(dòng)物的生長(zhǎng)。發(fā)酵飼料作為新型無(wú)抗型飼料，在飼料行業(yè)受到廣泛的關(guān)注。發(fā)酵飼料還具有發(fā)酵原料多樣化、無(wú)抗生素殘留、綠色環(huán)保等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在豬、雞、牛、羊等畜禽動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中廣泛應(yīng)用[2]。

1 發(fā)酵飼料概述

發(fā)酵飼料是指在人為的控制下，微生物通過(guò)自身的生長(zhǎng)代謝活動(dòng)，將飼料中的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子及對(duì)有毒有害的物質(zhì)，分解或轉(zhuǎn)化為能被畜禽采食、消化、吸收、利用且無(wú)毒無(wú)害的物質(zhì)，形成營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、適口性好，活菌含量高的生物活性飼料或飼料原料。飼料經(jīng)發(fā)酵后，不僅能提高飼料的適口性和營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值，還能增加動(dòng)物機(jī)體的免疫力，提高動(dòng)物健康，更減少了抗生素的使用，從而提高了動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的安全性[3]。發(fā)酵飼料根據(jù)生產(chǎn)工藝和飼料水分含量可分為固體發(fā)酵和液體發(fā)酵。固態(tài)發(fā)酵是指在幾乎沒(méi)有可以流動(dòng)的水的固體基質(zhì)表面上，微生物生長(zhǎng)并產(chǎn)生代謝產(chǎn)物。液體發(fā)酵飼料是飼料與水按照1 ? 1.5～1 ? 4比例混合，經(jīng)過(guò)充分發(fā)酵后達(dá)到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的飼料[4]。

2 發(fā)酵飼料的功能

發(fā)酵飼料中含有大量的有益微生物，例如乳酸菌、芽孢桿菌、酵母菌、擬桿菌和曲霉菌等[5]。就目前而言，發(fā)酵飼料的常用菌種是乳酸菌、酵母菌和芽孢桿菌[6-9]。這些微生物在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)能夠通過(guò)自身及其代謝產(chǎn)物對(duì)致病菌產(chǎn)生非特異性的頡頏作用，能抑制或減少有害菌的生成，從而能調(diào)節(jié)畜禽腸道生態(tài)平衡。發(fā)酵飼料可抑制飼料中有毒有害物質(zhì)，如豆粕中含有的大豆抗原蛋白、胰蛋白抑制因子、植物凝集素、脲酶等抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子，通過(guò)微生物發(fā)酵能改善其營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收，減少腹瀉的發(fā)生，提高動(dòng)物健康[10-11]。用枯草芽孢桿菌和米曲霉菌發(fā)酵后的豆粕，豆粕中大分子物質(zhì)從40%降低到2%和8%，胰蛋白酶抑制因子分別減少了96%和82%，僅用枯草芽孢桿菌發(fā)酵大豆粕，也得出了類(lèi)似的結(jié)論，發(fā)酵豆粕中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子顯著下降，大豆的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值也有所提高[12]。此外，通過(guò)微生物發(fā)酵后，能降低或是消除棉籽粕中含有的棉酚、環(huán)丙烯脂肪酸、植酸及植酸鹽、非淀粉多糖等抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子，增加采食量、維護(hù)動(dòng)物健康、降低飼料中的有害物質(zhì)、提高動(dòng)物機(jī)體免疫力[13-15]。

發(fā)酵還可以利用一些雜糧、雜粕和農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品的下腳料等非常規(guī)飼料進(jìn)行發(fā)酵，這不僅能降低飼料的成本，還可以增加產(chǎn)品的收益[16]。用酵母菌發(fā)酵的木薯片蛋白濃縮飼料代替豆粕，提高了瘤胃發(fā)酵效率、腸道微生物蛋白合成率和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化率，并降低飼料成本[17]。而飼料中添加酵母菌發(fā)酵木薯渣可顯著提高奶牛的粗蛋白消化率[18]。厭氧發(fā)酵飼料，可以使飼料中的纖維物質(zhì)軟化，且芽孢桿菌、酵母菌等好氧微生物的存在為乳酸的厭氧發(fā)酵提供了良好的條件，使乳酸菌產(chǎn)生大量的乳酸，降低飼料的pH，使得發(fā)酵飼料產(chǎn)生特有的酸香味，改善適口性，提高動(dòng)物采食量。利用乳酸菌對(duì)飼料進(jìn)行發(fā)酵時(shí)，在發(fā)酵期間可以產(chǎn)生酸性物質(zhì)可殺滅和抑制雜菌的生長(zhǎng)，產(chǎn)生濃郁的酸香味，對(duì)于改善動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品風(fēng)味和飼料的適口性具有良好的效果[19-20]。

3 發(fā)酵飼料在畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中的應(yīng)用

3.1 雞

發(fā)酵飼料在禽生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐上的應(yīng)用一般應(yīng)用于肉雞生產(chǎn)，主要改善了肉雞的腸道菌群環(huán)境，促進(jìn)肉雞的免疫反應(yīng)，利于肉雞的生長(zhǎng)[21]。相關(guān)研究表明，飼喂益生菌發(fā)酵飼料可顯著增加腸道中有益菌乳酸菌的數(shù)量，降低有害菌大腸桿菌和沙門(mén)氏菌等數(shù)量，解剖后可發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組空腸中段和回腸絨毛高度分別增加了22.6%和16.0%，從而改善腸道屏障功能[22-23]。發(fā)酵飼料不僅可減少肉雞的腸道疾病，還可以提高肉雞的生長(zhǎng)性能。研究表明，飼喂固態(tài)發(fā)酵小麥，可提高肉雞的生長(zhǎng)性能和胴體品質(zhì)，解剖后可觀察到增加了肝臟的重量，濕態(tài)發(fā)酵飼料也可顯著的提高肉雞的生長(zhǎng)性能、表觀消化率和胴體品質(zhì)[24-25]。酵母菌和枯草芽孢桿菌可以發(fā)酵豆粕，不僅如此還可以發(fā)酵非常規(guī)飼料，例如發(fā)酵干木薯渣飼料飼喂肉雞，可提高飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率，降低飼料成本，還能降低肉雞異食癖的發(fā)生率[26]。

3.2 豬

發(fā)酵飼料不僅用于家禽生產(chǎn)中，還廣泛應(yīng)用于豬的生產(chǎn)，生產(chǎn)上多采用發(fā)酵的豆粕。研究表明，添加發(fā)酵豆粕可提高斷奶仔豬的生長(zhǎng)性能和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化率，尤其是蛋白質(zhì)的消化率，其中以天冬氨酸和脯氨酸的回腸表觀消化率增加顯著，其他氨基酸的回腸表觀消化率有所增加，但不顯著[27-29]。發(fā)酵飼料對(duì)豬的腸道菌群也有影響，研究表明，飼料中添加發(fā)酵麥麩可顯著降低斷奶仔豬腸道中大腸桿菌的數(shù)量，乳酸菌發(fā)酵飼料可降低仔豬腸道pH，使乳酸菌含量顯著增加[30-32]。發(fā)酵飼料對(duì)母豬和生長(zhǎng)肥育豬也有相應(yīng)的影響，研究表明，發(fā)酵豆粕可顯著提高哺乳母豬血清中催乳素的濃度，還可提高母豬的繁殖力和產(chǎn)仔數(shù)[33]。發(fā)酵中草藥飼料可降低生長(zhǎng)肥育豬中膽固醇含量及脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化值和增加背最長(zhǎng)肌瘦肉率[34]。

3.3 反芻動(dòng)物

發(fā)酵飼料不僅廣泛應(yīng)用于豬、雞等畜禽飼料中，近年來(lái)也廣泛應(yīng)用于反芻動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中。應(yīng)用微生物發(fā)酵飼料，不僅可以提高奶牛的采食量、產(chǎn)奶量和飼料中養(yǎng)分的表觀消化率，還可顯著提高奶中乳蛋白、乳脂肪和乳糖的含量，改善乳品質(zhì)[35-37]。其中發(fā)酵飼料中的菌株以酵母菌應(yīng)用最為廣泛，大多研究表明，酵母菌發(fā)酵玉米秸稈飼料，可增加奶牛腸道和消化道微生物數(shù)量，降低發(fā)病率，提高機(jī)體免疫力[38]。酵母菌發(fā)酵木薯渣蛋白料，能提高泌乳奶牛的瘤胃發(fā)酵效率和奶中蛋白質(zhì)的含量[39]。不僅如此，微生物發(fā)酵飼料在肉牛生產(chǎn)上也有應(yīng)用，可增加肉牛的肌肉嫩度、紅度和亮度，改善肉質(zhì)，降低血清中谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和血液尿素氮的含量，可促進(jìn)肉牛的生長(zhǎng)[40-41]。其中用有益菌酵母菌發(fā)酵木薯淀粉渣飼料可提高肉牛干物質(zhì)采食量和蛋白質(zhì)消化率，微生物發(fā)酵飼料還可改善牛瘤胃中微生態(tài)環(huán)境，試驗(yàn)表明，酵母菌發(fā)酵木薯渣飼料可提高肉牛瘤胃pH，氨氮含量，總的揮發(fā)性脂肪酸，細(xì)菌和真菌數(shù)量，改善了瘤胃微生態(tài)環(huán)境[42]。微生物發(fā)酵飼料在山羊生產(chǎn)上也有應(yīng)用，研究表明，飼料中加入酵母培養(yǎng)物的發(fā)酵飼料，可提高山羊的體內(nèi)乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的濃度，顯著降低氨氮的濃度（P< 0.05），乳酸菌發(fā)酵飼料可增加山羊的干物質(zhì)采食量和飼料的消化率[43-44]。

3.4 水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物

發(fā)酵飼料在水產(chǎn)中主要應(yīng)用于蝦，用微生物發(fā)酵的飼料代替水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物飼料中的魚(yú)粉，可以有效的提高經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。發(fā)酵飼料還可祛除飼料中的某些毒性物質(zhì)，像用一定量的發(fā)酵棉籽粉替代白蝦飼料中的魚(yú)粉，結(jié)果表明，發(fā)酵的棉籽粉不僅對(duì)白蝦沒(méi)有任何危害，還能增加白蝦的重量，提高生長(zhǎng)性能和飼料的轉(zhuǎn)化率[13]。

4 發(fā)酵飼料應(yīng)用注意的問(wèn)題

雖然大量試驗(yàn)表明，在生產(chǎn)上添加微生物發(fā)酵飼料有利于提高畜禽的生長(zhǎng)性能、健康狀況和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，具有較好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是由于我國(guó)的技術(shù)水平比較落后，存在著一系列的問(wèn)題。

我國(guó)發(fā)酵飼料比國(guó)外發(fā)展晚，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備落后，缺乏專(zhuān)業(yè)的技術(shù)人員。目前，我國(guó)發(fā)酵飼料廠(chǎng)家規(guī)模比較小，沒(méi)有檢測(cè)、監(jiān)控條件，生產(chǎn)設(shè)備不完善，技術(shù)人員對(duì)發(fā)酵飼料行業(yè)的知識(shí)了解的比較少，這樣使得生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的發(fā)酵飼料存在安全隱患。由于發(fā)酵飼料生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)家規(guī)模有限、資金周轉(zhuǎn)量少，某些廠(chǎng)家不在正規(guī)單位購(gòu)買(mǎi)菌種，因此用于發(fā)酵的菌種可能含有雜菌，導(dǎo)致了發(fā)酵飼料營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平低下。

消毒、滅菌是發(fā)酵飼料的重要環(huán)節(jié)，是決定發(fā)酵飼料成功與失敗的關(guān)鍵，但是很多廠(chǎng)家還沒(méi)有建立起一套完整健全的管理制度，例如倉(cāng)庫(kù)管理不當(dāng)、環(huán)境衛(wèi)生差等都會(huì)影響發(fā)酵飼料的質(zhì)量。發(fā)酵飼料生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)家規(guī)模小、技術(shù)相對(duì)落后，生產(chǎn)的發(fā)酵飼料產(chǎn)品純度低、菌種較雜，動(dòng)物食用后會(huì)出現(xiàn)腹瀉等癥狀，并在飼料中增加桿菌肽鋅和金霉素等抗生素藥物的使用，大量使用生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑，給畜禽產(chǎn)品帶來(lái)藥物殘留的問(wèn)題。因此，就目前來(lái)看，我國(guó)的發(fā)酵飼料生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、設(shè)備、添加量和使用模式等各方面都還落后于歐美等國(guó)家。

5 小結(jié)

我國(guó)是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展，畜牧業(yè)也發(fā)展愈加迅速，發(fā)酵飼料在我國(guó)占有越來(lái)越重要的地位[45]。發(fā)酵飼料不僅可以消除飼料中的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子，改善飼料的適口性，而且能提高飼料的利用率，提高動(dòng)物的生長(zhǎng)性能。盡管存在一些問(wèn)題，但是隨著發(fā)酵飼料的發(fā)展，對(duì)發(fā)酵飼料的不斷研究，這些問(wèn)題終會(huì)迎刃而解。由此可見(jiàn)，發(fā)酵飼料必定會(huì)成為未來(lái)飼料發(fā)展的方向，并廣泛應(yīng)用在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中。

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Research Progress of Fermented Feed in Livestock and Poultry Feeding

WEI Ailian,LI Lvmu*,LI Shan,LU Chen,DA Zhangchao

（College of Animal Science and Technology,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230026,China）

Fermented feed is green and environmentally friendly animal feed,improving the palatability,increas?ing the level of feed nutrient absorption,enhancing the immune function of organism,and improving animal health. This paper reviewed the application of fermentated feed in livestock and poultry feeding such as pigs,broiler,cattle, aquatic livestock,and including the forecast of its developing prospect.

fermented feed;pigs;broiler;cattle;aquatic livestock

S 814；S816.6

A

1001-0084（2017）05-0008-05

2017-03-12

衛(wèi)愛(ài)蓮（1992-），女，安徽宣城人，碩士研究生，研究方向?yàn)閯?dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料。

*通訊作者