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酰基化、非酰基化ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的關系

2017-04-04 12:15:26李景德張曼李卉
沈陽醫學院學報 2017年3期

李景德,張曼,李卉

(1.錦州醫科大學研究生院,遼寧錦州121000;2.沈陽醫學院附屬中心醫院心內科)

酰基化、非酰基化ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的關系

李景德1,張曼2*,李卉2

(1.錦州醫科大學研究生院,遼寧錦州121000;2.沈陽醫學院附屬中心醫院心內科)

ghrelin是生長激素促分泌物受體的內源性配體,具有多種生物學作用,包括促進生長激素釋放、調節攝食和糖脂代謝、保護心血管系統等。體內ghrelin以酰基化和非酰基化兩種形式存在,具有各自的生物功能。酰基化和非酰基化ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化及動脈粥樣硬化的危險因素之間存在不同的關聯,在動脈粥樣硬化的發展中起到不同作用。

酰基化ghrelin;非酰基化ghrelin;動脈粥樣硬化

ghrelin包含28個氨基酸,N端第3位絲氨酸殘基的N辛酞化是其生物活性的必要修飾,以酰基化和非酰基化兩種形式存在。ghrelin的N末端第3位絲氨酸由脂肪酸鏈(C7H15CO)修飾,被稱為酰基化ghrelin[1];非酰基化ghrelin沒有脂肪酸鏈的修飾。ghrelin首先在小鼠的胃組織中發現,大部分由胃底黏膜的x/a樣細胞分泌,除了胃以外的腸道組織中也有ghrelin表達,在中樞神經組織中也含有ghrelin[2-3]。ghrelin可以刺激生長激素、促腎上腺皮質激素、皮質醇、催乳素的分泌[4-6],還可增加進食、減少能量消耗,也可促進成骨細胞的增殖和分化[7]。ghrelin在心血管系統廣泛分布,起到防止缺血/再灌注損傷,減弱心肌梗死后左室重構,提高左室功能等作用[8]。ghrelin可以調節內皮細胞、巨噬細胞功能[9-10],阻止動脈粥樣硬化的發展,同時起到抑制血管平滑肌細胞增殖和凋亡的作用[11]。本文就酰基化和非酰化ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的危險因數的關系進行綜述。

1 酰基化、非酰基化ghrelin的生物學活性

酰基化ghrelin被認為是體內具有生物學活性的ghrelin,但研究表明非酰基化ghrelin也具有生物學活性[12-14]。酰基化與非酰基化ghrelin存在不同的生物學活性[15],在某些方面起到協同作用,而在有些方面起到拮抗作用[16]。Rodríguez等[17]研究發現酰基化和非酰基化的ghrelin均可以直接刺激人類內臟脂肪細胞脂質的積累,減少脂肪分解相關蛋白,從而減少脂肪的分解。給小鼠注射酰基化ghrelin后可以明顯提高小鼠食物攝入量,酰基化與非酰基化ghrelin同時注射時可以消除這種提高食物攝入的效應;單獨應用酰基化和非酰基化ghrelin都能刺激弓狀核神經元活動,而兩者同時注射時神經活動減少。Inhoff等[18]認為非酰基化ghrelin通過抑制酰基化ghrelin介導的弓狀核神經元活動,來抑制食物攝入量。非酰基化ghrelin在肥胖型代謝綜合征患者體內含量較低,酰基化ghrelin在肥胖型和非肥胖型患者體內水平相當[19]。在中樞神經系統,非酰基化ghrelin可以直接使下丘腦神經元的活動增加,調節下丘腦腎上腺皮質信號系統,從而調節體內能量平衡,非酰基化ghrelin可以抵消酰基化ghrelin在室旁核和孤束核的中樞神經功能[20]。

2 ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化

ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化的發生發展存在相關性[21]。研究發現冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的嚴重程度與血清ghrelin水平呈負相關[22]。在代謝綜合征的老年人中,頸動脈內中膜的厚度與血清總ghrelin水平呈負相關[23]。通過研究ghrelin受體缺乏的小鼠,發現ghrelin受體缺乏會加重動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的不穩定,同時也會加重血管炎癥反應[24]。在ghrelin的兩種類型中,非酰基化ghrelin與頸動脈內中膜的厚度呈負相關,并在動脈粥樣硬化的發展過程中起控制作用[25]。而P?ykk?等[26]研究發現血清ghrelin水平與頸動脈粥樣硬化呈正相關,即使調整與動脈粥樣硬化相關的危險因素(年齡、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高血壓和吸煙等)的影響后這種相關性依然存在,可能是與動脈粥樣硬化后ghrelin反應性的增高有關。動脈粥樣硬化與ghrelin之間的關系需要進一步研究。

3 ghrelin與動脈粥樣硬化危險因素的關系

3.1 ghrelin與血壓高血壓與動脈粥樣硬化的發生密切相關,而ghrelin與血壓水平相關[27],ghrelin參與血壓的調節。給健康志愿者應用ghrelin后會發現血壓和心率降低,血壓和心率的降低可能與交感神經活動被抑制有關[28]。除了降低交感神經活動,ghrelin還可以調節內皮細胞功能。Kleinz等[29]發現ghrelin在人的動脈、靜脈內皮細胞以及培養的內皮細胞的分泌囊泡中表達,可以有力地逆轉內皮素引起的血管收縮效應,同時發現酰基化和非酰基化的ghrelin都可以通過ghrelin受體介導血管舒張反應。此外,ghrelin可以調節內皮素和一氧化氮(NO)之間的平衡,恢復血管收縮和血管舒張之間的平衡來維持血管的穩態,ghrelin可以使內皮素表達下調,同時使NO增加,NO可以抑制內皮素的產生,從而降低內皮素介導的血管收縮[30]。ghrelin可通過磷脂酰肌醇激酶途徑激活內皮細胞的NO合酶,刺激NO的產生、提高NO生物活性[31]。Yano等[32]發現在發生心血管事件的老年高血壓患者體內非酰基化ghrelin水平較低,非酰基化ghrelin可以通過增加血管NO的生物活性改善內皮功能障礙,NO具有抗動脈粥樣硬化和穩定斑塊的作用,包括:調節血管張力和血管壁壓力,擴張外周血管,降低外周阻力[31]。

3.2 ghrelin與脂質代謝脂質代謝異常是動脈粥樣硬化的危險因素。其中高密度脂蛋白膽固醇是心血管的保護因素,體內低水平的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇是心血管疾病的獨立危險因素[33]。Nogueira等[34]研究發現非酰基化ghrelin與肥胖患者體內低水平的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇相關,非酰基化ghrelin可能導致低水平的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,ghrelin可能直接參與高密度脂蛋白的代謝。在基因研究中,發現ghrelin基因在啟動子區域的多態性與血漿高密度脂蛋白膽固醇的水平相關[35]。研究發現血清ghrelin的水平與甘油三酯、總膽固醇呈負相關[36]。在更年期女性中,ghrelin水平的增加與低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的增加有關[37]。ghrelin與脂質代謝的關系,可能與甘油三酯脂蛋白轉運酰基化ghrelin,高密度脂蛋白和極低密度脂蛋白參與酰基化和非酰基化ghrelin的轉運有關[38]。ghrelin與脂質代謝的關系及其對動脈粥樣硬化的發展的影響需要深入研究。

3.3 ghrelin的抗炎、抗纖維化及抗細胞凋亡作用研究表明ghrelin可以抑制炎癥反應和核因子κB(NF-κB)的活動[39]。給急性心肌梗死的大鼠模型應用ghrelin后,發現可以明顯降低心室重構,與ghrelin抑制炎癥反應有關,ghrelin可以降低白細胞介素1β(IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)的mRNA以及蛋白的水平[40]。ghrelin通過阻止NF-κB的激活,抑制微血管內皮細胞功能障礙和炎癥反應[41]。在人臍靜脈細胞,ghrelin可阻止血管緊張素Ⅱ介導的IL-8、TNF-α的表達以及降低NF-κB的活性[42]。ghrelin可以阻止血管緊張素Ⅱ介導的細胞凋亡,通過下調血管緊張素Ⅱ受體的表達和阻止內質網應激途徑的激活起抗凋亡作用[43]。酰基化與非酰基化ghrelin具有抗纖維化作用,具體機制不清,可能與ghrelin的抗細胞凋亡和抗炎作用有關[44]。ghrelin的抗炎、抗纖維化及抗細胞凋亡功能對血管起保護作用。

綜上所述,ghrelin調節血壓,參與脂質代謝,同時起到抗炎、抗纖維化、抗細胞凋亡的作用,從而保護血管內皮細胞,在防止動脈粥樣硬化的過程中起到一定的作用。酰基化與非酰基化ghrelin具有不同的生物活性,對動脈粥樣硬化發展的作用需要進一步深入研究。

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Relationshipsbetween Acylated and Unacylated Ghrelin and Atherosclerosis

LIJingde1,ZHANGMan2*,LIHui2
(1.Graduate School,Jinzhou Medical University,Jinzhou 121000,China;2.Department of Cardiology,The Central Hospital Affiliated to ShenyangMedicalCollege)

Ghrelin is a natural endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and has various biological functions such as promoting the release of growth hormone,regulation of appetite and metabolism of glucose and lipid,and protective effects on the cardiovascular system.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin are different forms of ghrelin.They have different biological effect respectively.Acylated and unacylated ghrelin have different relationships with atherosclerosis and its related risk factorsand play different roles in the developmentofatherosclerosis.

acylated ghrelin;unacylated ghrelin;atherosclerosis

R543.5

A

1008-2344(2017)03-0287-03

10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2017.03.032

2016-11-17

(文敏編輯)

張曼(1973—),女(漢),主任醫師,研究方向:冠心病的機制學研究.E-mail:zhangm0046@163.com

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