聽力測試主要考查考生聽語音材料獲取和處理信息的能力。聽力測試中,考生的答題情況不但直接影響聽力部分的得分,而且還會對考生產生一定的心理暗示,間接影響考生解答后續試題。所以,做好聽力測試題,首戰告捷,保持最佳的競技狀態,是決勝英語學科初中學業水平考試(以下簡稱“中考”)的前提和關鍵。如何在復習階段提高學生的聽力能力呢?作為教師,我們可以從以下幾個方面入手。
一、研究聽力測試的命題規律
教師首先應該研究歷年的中考真題,了解真題中聽力部分的??荚掝}。近年來,云南省中考英語聽力話題主要涉及以下內容:學校信息、興趣愛好、工作與職業、家人和親友、家庭生活、周末活動、學校生活、旅游、社會行為、計劃、游戲與休閑、購物計劃、點餐、疾病、意外、天氣情況、安排、寫信、打電話等。聽力測試的內容大致可分為時間和順序、地點和目的、價格和數量、人物和事件、情景和背景等。主要有下列題型:
1.聽句子,選出與所聽句子內容相關的圖畫;
2.根據聽到的句子,選擇恰當的應答語;
3.聽對話及問題,選擇最佳答案,或者聽長對話,選擇正確答案;
4.聽短文,根據短文內容回答問題,或者聽短文,完成信息表格。
二、在日常教學中,注重聽力訓練
復習階段,教師應讓學生大聲朗讀所學對話和課文,大聲朗讀可以提高學生對語音的反應能力,同時有助于培養學生的語感。進入總復習階段,筆者要求學生每天堅持在晨讀時大聲朗讀單詞、對話和課文15分鐘,這樣,不僅可以幫助學生校準語音和語調,而且還能幫助他們記憶單詞,同時還能順便回顧初中三年學過的各種話題。在朗讀時,教師可以充分利用與教材配套的磁帶,對于一些貼近學生實際生活的對話,教師可讓學生聽后跟讀對話,并回答問題。筆者以新人教版初中英語八年級下冊Unit 1 Section A 2a的對話為例,談談如何引導學生在朗讀過程中識別考點。
Girl 1: What’s the matter?
Girl 2: I didn’t take care of myself. I didn’t wear warm clothes yesterday. Now I have a cough and a sore throat.
Girl 1: You should drink some hot tea with honey.
Girl 2: That sounds like a good idea.
這個對話有兩個考點:
第一, What’s the matter?針對這個問句,該如何應答;
第二, You should drink some hot tea with honey. 對方提出建議后的答復:That sounds like a good idea.
在復習過程中,筆者總結出中考英語聽力的高頻話題,并要求學生反復背誦,促使他們熟悉各類話題的常用句式。以下是筆者整理出來的英語聽力部分??嫉母哳l話題。
(一)詢問
1.—Does your brother enjoy watching TV?
—Yes, he does.
2.—You look tired. What’s the matter?
—I stayed up late.
3.—What did you do last weekend?
—I went to the library.
4.—Did you go shopping?
—No, I didn’t. I went swimming.
5.—You are really healthy, Alice .Do you play sports very often?
—Yes,I do.
6.—Will 11 o’clock be all right?
—Let me see. Well, I am afraid not. He will be busy until twelve.
7.—Do you want to watch a talent show?
—Yes, I do.
8.—How many people are there in your class?
—Fifty-six.
9.—Who’s that boy in a white T-shirt?
—My brother.
10.—Is there a supermarket near here?
—Yes, there is.
(二)建議
1.— What about 5:00 at the bus stop?
— Is it a little late? Why not make it earlier?
2.—How about having an English party?
— Good idea.
3. We should plant more trees to make the city more beautiful.
4.—What about playing volleyball?
—Good idea.
(三)日期與時間
1.—Good morning, John.
—Morning, Lucy. It’s going to be a busy day, I believe.
2.—Peter, it’s time to get up.
—It’s Saturday morning. I don’t go to school, Mom.
3. It’s 3 o’clock. Let’s have a rest.
4. The 31 Olympic Games will be held in Brazil next year.
5. —How long have you played the violin?
—For three years.
(四)交通方式
1. —Did you come by bus or taxi?
—By bus.
2. Li Hua often rides a bike to school.
3.—How do you get to school?
—I usually walk to school?
4.—Do you take the subway or bus to school?
—I usually go to school by subway.
5.—Do you get home on foot or by bus, Helen?
—I take the bus.
(五)就餐
1.It’s hot. Let’s eat some ice-cream.
2.—Shall I make a cup of tea or coffee for you?
—Oh, thanks. I’d like a cup of coffee without milk.
3.—Would you like a glass of cold drink?
—Yes, please.
4.—What is for breakfast?
—The usual, noodles, porridge, bread and eggs if you like.
(六)談論喜好
1. Tina likes playing the guitar.
2. I like oranges best.
3. I like reading. Books are my good friends.
4.—What’s your favorite subject?
—History.
5. Of all the animals, I like monkeys most.
6. The strawberries are sweet. I like them very much.
(七)請求與允許
1.—May I ask you some questions, Mr. Wang?
—Sure, go ahead.
2.—Excuse me, may I use your pen, Bob ?
—Sorry, I only have a pencil.
3.—Would you mind closing the window? It’s too cold.
—Sorry, I’ll do it right now.
(八)談論天氣
1.It’s sunny. We can go for a picnic.
2.—What’s the weather like today?
—It’s fine. But the TV says it’s going to be windy and rainy tomorrow.
3.—How cloudy! Did you listen to the report this morning?
—Yes. It said there would be a heavy rain this afternoon.
(九)談論健康
1.—I used to dance and play badminton in the gym at 4:00 in the afternoon. But I seldom go there these two years. I usually watch TV in my free time.
—That’s not good. You know exercise is really important for your health.
2. Smoking is bad for people’s health. It is not allowed in public place.
3. Fruit is good for our health.
(十)人物介紹及見面時的禮貌用語
1.—Mom, this is my new friend Tom.
—Nice to meet you.
2.—Excuse me, are you Tom Green?
—No, I’m Tom Brown.
(十一)工作與職業
1.—What does your father do?
—He is a doctor.
2.—Does your mother have a job?
—Yes, she works in a hospital. She is a nurse.
(十二)感謝與祝福
1.—You’re going to have a spelling test. Good luck to you!
—Thank you.
2. —I’d like to help you clean the bedroom.
—It’s very kind of you.
3. —Thank you for your help, Mary.
—It’s a pleasure.
4.—Don’t worry. You can turn to me if you need help.
—It’s very kind of you.
5.—My parents and I will go to Beijing for a trip next month.
—Have a good time.
6.—I am proud of you, Jenny.
—It’s nice of you to say so.
(十三)勸告與安慰
1. —Don’t speak in the reading room, please.
—Sorry, I won’t.
2. —Turn down the radio, please. Your dad is sleeping now.
—Sorry, I’ll do it right now.
(十四)購物
1. Jim’s mother bought a coat for him as a gift.
2. —Can I help you?
—Yes, I’m looking for a jacket.
3. —What’s your size, please?
—Size L .
4. —What color do you prefer?
—I like brown.
(十五)國家、城市及其地標
1. China is a great country. I love it very much.
2. Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. Many new buildings have been set up there.
(十六)人物行為
1. —You’re right. It’s time for the math class.
—OK. Hurry up.
2. The girl has got a new computer. She is watching a TV play on it.
3. Look!My mother is cooking.
(十七)談論動物
1. My sister has a lovely rabbit.
2. —Where are the giraffes from?
—From Africa.
(十八)打電話
1. —Hello, this is Mary. May I speak to Tom?
—Oh, he is out.
2.—Could / May / Can I speak to Tom?
—Wait a minute, please. / Hold on, please.
(十九)文娛與體育
1. Playing volleyball can keep you strong and healthy.
2. —Do you do any sports?
—I sometimes play tennis with my friends at the park.
3. —What do you often do after school, Alex?
—I usually play football. Sometimes I play basketball and ping-pong.
4. —How do you spend your spare time?
—Watching TV. I enjoy it very much.
三、了解聽力測試的命題特點,掌握解題技巧
聽力測試中,技巧很重要。因此,在復習階段,教師應引導學生定期進行聽力訓練,熟悉考試題型,掌握解題技巧。
【題型解讀1】聽句子,選圖畫。
此類題型屬于句子理解。該題型側重考查學生的情景反應能力,包括捕捉關鍵信息的能力,圖文轉換的能力以及對基本詞匯的聽辨能力。圖片的內容包括人物的行為、日期與時間、電子產品、標志、動物、植物、國家、城市及其他地標、學習用品、食物、飲料、工作和職業、天氣、文娛、體育、健康、興趣愛好、人物的動作、交通方式等。句式結構比較豐富,以簡單句為主,偶爾也會穿插復合句。
【真題再現】(2017·云南)
4.
聽前預測:題目所給的三張圖片都是國旗, 這三面國旗分別是加拿大,中國和英國的國旗。
聽力材料: China is a great country. I love it very much.
答案探究:聽到China時,我們可知材料中提到的國家是中國,故選B。
【解題技巧】
1.聽錄音前,學生應該仔細觀察幾張圖片的相同點和不同點,并預測語音材料的內容,為下一步聽語音材料,并準確地捕捉信息打好基礎。
2.聽錄音時,學生應該注意把握語音材料中的關鍵信息,并快速準確地加以記錄。
3.聽完錄音后,學生根據圖片內容和記錄的關鍵信息,認真地進行分析比較,逐一排除與語音材料不符的圖片,選出最佳答案。
【題型解讀2】聽句子,選答語。
此類題型為情景反應題,主要考查學生的情景反應能力和捕捉信息的能力。題目主要以簡單句的形式考查學生對日常交際用語的理解及應答,要求學生根據不同的語境,運用所學語言知識和技能,選出最恰當的答語。本題中5個小題的聽力材料一般為簡單句,詞數不多但句型多樣,包括陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、感嘆句和祈使句等多種句式。
【真題再現】(2017·云南)
8. A. Congratulations!B. Thank you! C. Here you are.
聽前預測: Congratulations! 表示祝賀;Thank you! 表示感謝;Here you are! 意思為給你。
聽力材料:You’re going to have a spelling test. Good luck to you!
答案探究: 聽到Good luck to you!對方祝你好運,你應該回答謝謝,故選B。
【解題技巧】
1. 聽錄音前,學生應該認真審題,瀏覽選項,弄清有關信息和交際情景,特別是習慣性的應答語,同時標注關鍵詞。此外,學生還應該學著比較三個選項,認真分析,舍同求異,排除干擾,抓住各選項中句子之間各不相同的關鍵信息詞,從而縮小選擇的范圍。
2. 聽錄音時,教師應該引導學生在理解句子整體意思的基礎上,注意聽清和把握關鍵詞,并從語調、語氣方面進行判斷?;卮鸬膬热菀c所聽句子在人稱、時態等方面保持一致;要注意東西方文化的差異,排除母語的干擾。
3. 聽完錄音后, 學生要根據聽錄音所獲得的信息,對照答案,認真核查,確保無誤。
【題型解讀3】聽對話,選答案。
此類題型主要考查學生捕捉對話中的關鍵信息,并對其進行推理、判斷、辨別的能力。答案的關鍵信息通常包含在第二個人的答語中。問題一般為特殊疑問句,選項包含短語和簡短的句子,話題主要涉及購物、計劃、詢問(時間、職業、愛好、觀點等)、交通方式、學校生活、點餐就餐、問候、建議、請求、旅游、就醫及娛樂等。
【真題再現】(2017·云南)
11. When do they meet?
A. In the morning. B. At noon. C. In the afternoon.
12. What are they going to do?
A. Play games.B. Have a math class.C. Go home.
聽前預測:第11題詢問他們見面的時間,選項分別是“上午” “中午”和“下午”;第12題詢問他們將要做什么,選項分別是“玩游戲”“上數學課”和“回家”。
聽力材料:
W: Good morning, John.
M: Morning, Lucy. It’s going to be a busy day today, I believe.
W: You’re right. It’s time for the math class.
M: OK. Hurry up.
答案探究:
第11題,我們聽到對話中的問候語“Good morning”“Morning”,可知他們見面的時間是上午,故選 A;
第12題,對話中提及 It’s time for the math class,可知他們馬上就要上數學課了,故選B。
【解題技巧】
1.聽錄音前,學生要認真瀏覽選項,通過分析比較,獲取部分信息,從而大膽地預測談論的話題和中心內容。
2.聽錄音時,學生應該注意對話中的人物、時間、地點、語音、語調等,在聽懂大意的同時,抓住重要的信息。
3.聽完錄音后,學生經過分析判斷,排除音、形、義上與對話內容相近的干擾項,通過合理地取舍,選出正確的答案。最后,再對選定的答案逐一進行核對復查,確保無誤。
【題型解讀4】聽短文,完成表格。
此類題型主要考查學生從語篇中獲取、記錄、分析、判斷相關信息的能力,綜合性較強。它要求學生有較強的速記能力和捕捉表格中缺失的信息的能力。所選的文章簡短,語句精煉,內容豐富,并且與學生的生活緊密相關。
【真題再現】(2017·云南)
16. A. A park B. A farm C. A village
17. A. Sunglasses B. Knives C. Drinks
18. A. 8:00 B. 9:00 C. 10:00
19. A. pears B. apples C. oranges
20. A. go swimming B. go fishing
C. go boating
聽前預測:在聽短文之前,考生應根據表格推測考點,做到心中有數。第16題考查活動地點,第17題考查需要攜帶的物品,第18題考查集合的時間,第19題考查活動的內容,第20題考查注意事項。
聽力材料:Hello, everyone!Would you like to have a good time after the exam? We’ll have an exciting trip to a village on July 15th. On that day, please remember to bring your sunglasses, hats and umbrella. We’ll meet at the school gate at 9:00 in the morning. We’ll go there by bike. We can climb mountains for fresh air. We can pick apples. We can walk along the river. To keep safe, we mustn’t go swimming alone in the river. I’m sure we will get close to nature and enjoy ourselves.
答案探究:
第16題:由“We’ll have an exciting trip to a village on July 15th”,可知我們要去一個村子,故選C;
第17題:由“please remember to bring your sunglasses, hats and umbrella”,可知需要帶哪些物品,故選A;
第18題:由“We’ll meet at the school gate at 9:00 in the morning”,可知集合的時間,故選B;
第19題:由“We can pick apples”,可知活動之一為摘蘋果,故選B;
第20題:由“ To keep safe, we mustn’t go swimming alone in the river”,可知為了確保安全,不準私自下河游泳,故選A。
【解題技巧】
1.第一遍聽錄音時,學生應著眼于整體理解短文,集中精力抓住關鍵信息,快速記錄時間、地點等??夹畔ⅲ灰m結于個別聽不清的詞語,在不影響聽懂全文的前提下,快速寫出簡單題的答案。
2.第二遍聽錄音時,學生應該注重細節,重點關注第一遍沒有選出答案的試題,如,信息轉換類試題,歸納總結類試題等,同時檢查已選出的答案。
3.聽完錄音后,學生要將缺失的內容填入句子中的空白處,并注意核對意義、語法、拼寫以及所填詞匯的大小寫是否正確。
提高聽力能力不是一朝一夕的事,要經過長時間的科學訓練,掌握一定的聽力技能和技巧。訓練過程要遵循由淺入深、由易到難的循序漸進的原則。聽力訓練一般應按照“音素——單詞——短語——意群——升降調——句子——短文”的順序進行,常采用以下方法:聽音模仿朗讀、聽音后復述和邊聽邊寫等。但無論多么好的方法,多么行之有效的技能、技巧,都需要持之以恒地練習,才會有效果??傊?,要想全面提高學生的聽力能力,師生應共同努力,克服聽力教學中的各種困難,不斷改革創新,盡力創設英語語言環境,多聽、多讀、多運用,這樣,才能真正提高學生英語語言運用的綜合能力。
責任編輯 張 瑩