李攀 盧媛 張彥 張金卓
[摘 要] 目的:觀察全覆膜自膨式金屬支架(Fully covered self-expandable metal stent,FCSEMS)治療良性膽管狹窄(Benign biliary strictures,BBS)的臨床效果,探討其應用價值。方法:觀察2013年3月至2017年2月43例接受內鏡下FCSEMS置入的BBS患者治療效果(癥狀、生化指標)及并發癥發生情況,總結治療體會。結果:43例患者FCSEMS均一次性置入成功,成功率為100.00%;術后隨訪期間3例患者支架未起效,支架有效率93.02%。有效患者隨訪期間均未見發熱、黃疸、腹痛等癥狀復發,支架通暢性均良好;所有患者金屬支架均成功回收;患者術前血清TBIL為(246.80±62.65)μmol/L,術后5~7 d降至(95.92±17.65)μmol/L,術前與術后血清TBIL比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。患者術后早期并發癥以胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血癥為主,均經對癥治療后好轉,1例死亡患者死于急性腎功能不全加重繼發多臟器功能衰竭。結論:FCSEMS治療BBS安全、有效,是BBS治療的可行選擇。
[關鍵詞] 全覆膜自膨式金屬支架;良性膽管狹窄;內鏡逆行胰膽管造影
中圖分類號:R575.7 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2017)05-055-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201705023
Clinical observation of fully covered self-expandable metal stent in the treatment of benign biliary strictures LI Pan, LU Yuan, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Jinzhuo. (Department of Gastroenterology,Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding 071000,china)
[Abstract] Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical effectiveness of fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) in the treatment of benign biliary strictures (BBS) and to explore its application values. Methods: A total sample of 43 cases of BBS patients who had accepted endoscopic FCSEMS from March 2013 to February 2017 were chosen as study objects. The treatment effectiveness (symptoms, biochemical indexes) and occurrence of complications were observed and the treatment experience was summarized. Results: FCSEMS was successfully implanted in all 43 patients at one time, with a success rate of 100%. During the follow-up period, 3 stents failed, and the stent efficiency was 93.02%. During the follow-up period of effective patients, no fever, jaundice, abdominal pain or other symptoms were recurred, and the patency of stent was good. All patients metal stents were successfully recovered. The preoperative serum TBIL was (246.80±62.65) μmol/L and the postoperative 5-7 d serum TBIL dropped to (95.92±17.65) μmol/L. The difference between preoperative and postoperative serum TBIL was statistically significant (P<0.05). The early complications of these patients were mainly pancreatitis and amylase which were all improved after symptomatic treatments. 1 patient died from acute renal insufficiency aggravation and secondary multiple organ failure. Conclusions: FCSEMS is safe and effective in the treatment of BBS and is a viable option for BBS treatment.
[Key words] fully covered self-expandable metal stent; benign biliary strictures; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographyendprint
良性膽管狹窄(Benign biliary strictures,BBS)常繼發于膽管炎癥、慢性胰腺炎,隨著腹腔鏡微創手術的廣泛開展,醫源性損傷所致BBS發生率日益增多,而傳統手術治療BBS存在并發癥發生風險大、復發率高的弊端,已逐漸被內鏡治療所取代[1]。內鏡下球囊擴張或塑料單管支架放置是既往臨床治療BBS的首選方式,但需重復多次治療,給患者帶來了較大痛苦,且2年內支架取出后狹窄復發率超過30%[2]。全覆膜自膨式金屬支架(Fully covered self-expandalbe metal stent,FCSEMS)良好的支撐性能夠維持膽管的長期通暢[3]。我院將FCSEMS用于BBS患者,取得了較好的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
43例BBS患者年齡≥18歲,于我院接受內鏡逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)[4]及FCSEMS置入治療且臨床資料保存完整,排除既往有膽管金屬支架置入治療史及經皮經肝膽管引流術治療史者。43例患者中,男24例,女19例,年齡32~81歲,平均(48.55±11.26)歲,膽管狹窄長度1.3~5.7 cm,平均(2.81±0.55)cm;病因分布:胰腺癌26例,膽管癌6例,壺腹周圍癌5例,自身免疫性胰腺炎1例,IgG4相關膽管炎1例,炎性膽管狹窄2例,病因不明2例。
1.2 治療方案
患者術前完善血常規、血生化、出凝血功能等相關檢查,禁食、水8 h,術前30 min靜脈注射5~10 mg地西泮、
50 mg哌替啶及20~40 mg丁溴東莨菪堿,術前5 min口服10 mL鹽酸利多卡因凝膠,年齡較大、體質較差或耐受度較低者,酌情減少麻醉藥物用量[5]。予面罩吸氧、心電監護,患者取俯臥位,行ERCP檢查,明確膽道狹窄部位、長度及距乳頭距離,于膽管內留置導絲,切開Oddi括約肌,根據ERCP檢查結果選擇合適長度的FCSEMS(直徑10 mm,購自波士頓科學國際有限公司),支架長度最短40 mm,最長80 mm,于導絲引導下緩慢釋放金屬支架,內鏡及X線下明確支架位置良好后退出導絲及推送器[6]。術后禁食、水24 h,常規應用抗生素3~5 d預防感染,同時給予質子泵抑制劑靜脈輸注及補液處理。術后隨訪期間,定期復查血常規、生化及腹部B超,發生膽管梗阻或支架移位者再次入院接受支架更換治療。
腹痛、發熱、黃疸等臨床癥狀好轉,彩超顯示狹窄減輕或恢復正常,隨訪12個月未見狹窄復發;肝功能好轉,血清總膽紅素(TBIL)水平明顯下降為治愈[7]。
1.3 統計學分析
對本臨床研究的所有數據采用SPSS18.0進行分析,血清TBIL以(x±s)表示,并采用t檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
43例患者FCSEMS均一次性置入成功,成功率為100.00%;支架長度40~60 mm,其中37例患者置入60 mm支架,占86.05%;術后隨訪期間3例患者支架未起效,支架有效率為93.02%。
患者均獲得有效隨訪,隨訪時間2~15個月,中位隨訪時間8個月,支架有效患者隨訪期間均未見發熱、黃疸、腹痛等癥狀復發,支架通暢性均良好;所有患者金屬支架均成功回收;患者術前血清TBIL為(246.80±62.65)μmol/L,術后5~7 d降至(95.92±17.65)μmol/L,術前與術后血清TBIL比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。
患者術后30天內早期并發癥以胰腺炎(30.23%)、高淀粉酶血癥(9.30%)為主,均經禁食水、抗炎、保肝、抑酸、抑制胰液分泌、抗感染等對癥治療后好轉,其余為急性化膿性膽管炎(6.98%)、急性腎功能不全(4.65%)、1例死亡患者死于急性腎功能不全加重繼發多臟器功能衰竭;術后隨訪期間1例支架移位患者未出現梗阻性黃疸,故未行支架二次置入,3例支架堵塞患者病因均為惡性腫瘤的進展與復發。
3 討論
自20世紀90年代中期內鏡下膽道支架置入的動物實驗獲得成功以來,該技術已成為各種原因所致膽道狹窄的首選方案,既往臨床常用的塑料支架能夠在短期內有效解除狹窄,但管徑較小、通暢時間短、堵塞發生率高,且每隔3~6個月需再次更換支架,重復多次的內鏡治療不僅給BBS患者帶來了較大痛苦,也使得內鏡醫生的工作量顯著增加[8-9]。
為克服塑料支架的堵塞問題,有學者建議將惡性膽管狹窄的FCSEMS用于BBS的治療,以期借助金屬支架管徑大、通暢時間長、無需反復更換等優勢,提高BBS的治療成本效益[10]。與金屬裸支架相比,FCSEMS在金屬網孔表面覆蓋了一層相容性佳、可有效避免細菌粘附的有機薄膜,從而抑制組織細胞沿支架網孔的內向生長,達到保證支架通暢率的目的[11]。此外,FCSEMS屬全覆膜支架,較裸支架、部分覆膜支架而言,內鏡下移除更為簡便、安全,更符合BBS的治療原則[12]。
既往部分學者就FCSEMS與傳統塑料支架治療BBS的安全性與有效性進行了對比,結果發現,多塑料支架雖然能夠實現狹窄部位的更大擴張,但平均每例患者需接受5次ERCP操作,且支架有效率不足90%,而FCSEMS除具有可回收性外,還具有更寬的直徑以及持續性擴張特點,能夠在減少ERCP操作次數的基礎上,進一步延長膽管通暢時間[13-15]。本研究結果示,FCSEMS治療BBS的支架有效率達到93.02%,且隨訪期間支架通暢性良好,印證了FCSEMS確切的治療效果。
在術后并發癥的觀察中,可以發現,雖然患者術后胰腺炎發生率達到30.23%,但患者胰腺炎表現均較輕微,保守治療即可確保疾病好轉;高淀粉酶血癥的發生率為9.30%,僅次于胰腺炎,但患者癥狀均為一過性,經對癥處理后均可于72 h內治愈。既往研究發現BBS患者術后膽囊炎、膽管出血、膽管穿孔風險較高,其原因與手術操作不當及膽囊管引流受阻有關[16],但本研究43例患者術后均未見上述并發癥,說明全覆膜支架雖然可能造成肝內膽管、膽囊管或胰管開口阻塞,但其良好的生物相容性能夠有效避免術后嚴重并發癥的發生[17]。隨訪期間有3例患者發生支架堵塞,考慮與肝內小分支膽管堵塞有關;1例患者發生支架移位,其原因為金屬支架對粘膜上皮細胞粘附功能的抑制。上述晚期并發癥的發生均可能導致支架失效,但對于未發生梗阻性黃疸的支架移位患者,可行保守治療,無需內鏡再次干預;需要注意的是,也有部分支架移位可導致疼痛甚至腸梗阻,且支架移位后取出較為困難,盡管這一現象臨床發生較少,也應予以高度重視[18],可通過借助導管內雙極射頻消融技術進一步改善狹窄程度,降低肝內小分支膽管堵塞所致支架移位風險。endprint
綜上所述,FCSEMS治療BBS具有可行性,能夠避免多次內鏡操作對患者造成的巨大痛苦,從而在縮短治療周期的同時,降低并發癥發生率、保證治療效果,其臨床應用價值值得肯定。
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