王英英 唐詠春
(青島市海慈醫療集團輸血科,山東 青島 266033)
糖尿病(DM)是由生活方式等多種因素引發的慢性疾病,多發于老年2型DM(T2DM),主要集中在中老年人群體,死亡率極高〔1,2〕。我國老年T2DM的發病率高達10%,DM神經病變是DM的多種并發癥之一〔3〕,導致病情加重難以恢復〔4〕。Zhou等〔5〕認為老年T2DM患者的高血糖是導致周圍神經病變的主因,人體內的高血糖會激活葡糖糖的旁路代謝,使得老年T2DM患者的神經功能受損。老年T2DM周圍神經病變患者均出現腹脹及出汗嚴重等情況,腹脹的主要原因為DM患者的飲食不均造成,對蔬菜的攝取量較少導致體內出現脫水癥狀,隨著腸道的水分不斷減少則出現腹脹及便秘等問題,出汗嚴重則因為患者的交感神經受到損傷,這也是周圍神經病變的表現,出現這種癥狀的患者應適當減輕體重并放松心情,較少焦慮的情緒可適量緩解出汗嚴重的問題〔6〕。白細胞介素(IL)-1β、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、可溶性血管細胞黏附分子(sVCAM)-1等指標可作為檢測老年T2DM患者周圍神經病變的重要標志物,可通過其水平變化判斷DM患者周圍神經受損程度〔7,8〕。本研究主要探討老年T2DM周圍神經病變患者血清IL-1β、HCY、sVCAM-1水平及臨床意義。
1.1一般資料 2015年2月至2017年4月青島市海慈醫療集團治療的老年T2DM患者36例為觀察組、健康志愿者36例為對照組。納入標準:①符合相關老年T2DM周圍神經病變診斷標準〔8〕,近3個月內血壓控制平穩;②確診為T2DM;③病程10年以上。排除標準:①其他腎臟疾病;②拒絕配合檢測患者。觀察組年齡60~80歲;對照組年齡61~82歲,兩組年齡、性別、體質指數(BMI)無顯著差異。見表1。
1.2檢測方法 均行常規心電圖檢測,并于檢驗科及放免室完成空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)檢測。①采用放射免疫法測定空腹胰島素(FNS)、餐后胰島素(PNS)、空腹C肽(FCP)、餐后C肽(PCP)值。②采用酶聯免疫吸附法(ELISA)檢測IL-1β、HCY、sVCAM-1、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、IL-6、C反應蛋白(CRP)水平,具體方法:采集患者空腹8 h后的靜脈血3~5 ml,將靜脈血保存于常溫室內并于30 min后離心,離心后保存于-20℃冷藏室內,檢測用試劑盒為上海羽朵生物科技有限公司生產,檢測步驟需嚴格按照試劑盒說明書進行。

表1 兩組一般臨床資料的比較
1.3統計學方法 采用SPSS18.0統計軟件進行t、χ2檢驗。
觀察組sVCAM-1、IL-1β、HCY、TNF-α、IL-6、CRP、FNS、PNS、FCP、PCP值、胰島素抗體(INS-Ab)明顯高于對照組(P<0.05),且觀察組胰高血糖素樣肽(GLP)-1水平顯著低于對照組(P<0.05),見表2。

表2 兩組檢測指標對比
與對照組比較:1)P<0.05
DM患者神經病變嚴重影響中樞及周圍神經〔9~12〕。老年T2DM神經病變是一種嚴重的慢性疾病,多在40歲之后發病,因患者體內糖代謝紊亂,導致脂肪及蛋白質等指標變化異常,促使血糖及血脂水平急劇升高,胰島素反應降低且受到抑制導致惡性循環,其臨床癥狀主要體現為:神經疼痛、身體易出汗、四肢麻木等〔13~15〕。研究結果表示,老年T2DM患者HbA1c增加2%,就約有15%的患者死于心血管類疾病,我國約有2/3的DM患者的病情得不到有效治療〔16~18〕。
IL-1 是一種致炎細胞因子,能刺激集落刺激因子、血小板生長因子等細胞因子的產生和使T細胞產生IL-2,在免疫應答和組織修復中起作用〔19,20〕。臨床上常采用ELISA法測定血清IL-1β的含量〔21〕。Jingbo等〔22〕認為IL-1β廣泛參與了人體組織破壞、水腫形成等多種病理損傷過程且能促進人β防御素-4的生成。Hcy為一種含硫氨基酸,Hcy不參與蛋白質的合成,且其在人體內的成分較少〔23〕。Hofmann等〔24〕認為其在人體中的重要作用之一就是維持機體硫氨基酸的平衡,其與動脈粥樣硬化有著密切的聯系,且與DM血管病變密切相關。sVCAM-1是糖蛋白的一種,據相關文獻報道,該分子結構比較復雜且參與多種細胞反應過程〔25,26〕。Fu等〔27〕認為sVCAM-1與機體頸動脈斑塊密切相關,其可以作為獨立因子且能反映老年T2DM內皮損傷情況,該指標敏感性較高,因此可以作為一種觀察血管損傷的標志物。Li等〔28〕認為sVCAM-1與血管病變程度高度相關,且sVCAM-1升高導致血管內壁炎癥反應加重促成小栓子形成,嚴重堵塞毛細血管加重病情。
老年T2DM患者神經病變還與人體的炎癥因子IL-6、TNF-α、CRP密切相關〔29,30〕。本研究提示DM會導致炎癥因子水平上升加重病情。Jakimovska等〔31〕認為GLP-1是由腸道內分泌細胞合成分泌的腸促胰島素,可顯著改善患者的血糖水平。老年T2DM的一個重要發病原因就是機體胰島功能逐步衰退,當患者體內的血糖指標急劇升高將作用于胰島細胞膜受體促進胰島素分泌〔32〕。綜上,血清IL-1β、HCY、sVCAM-1水平的變化可隨著老年T2DM患者周圍神經的變化發生改變。

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