李瑋 崔勝楠 周智輝 董昌虎
[摘要] 二酰甘油激酶ζ(DGKZ)作為Ⅳ型二酰甘油激酶家族(DGKs)同工酶的一種,在細胞的生命過程中發揮重要作用。DGKZ基因在真核生物的腦、骨、心臟和免疫系統中表達,并與腫瘤的發生發展密切相關。本文將從這四部分對該基因目前的研究進展進行綜述。
[關鍵詞] 二酰甘油激酶家族;DGKZ基因;腫瘤;研究進展
[中圖分類號] Q814 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)10(b)-0039-03
[Abstract] Diacylglycerol kinase (DGKZ), a type Ⅳ diacylglycerol kinase family (DGKs) isoenzyme, plays an important role in the cell′s life process. DGKZ gene, expressed in the brain, bone, heart and immune system of eukaryotes, is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. This article will summarize the current research progress of the gene from these four parts.
[Key words] Diacylglycerol kinase family; DGKZ gene; Tumor; Research progress
二酰甘油激酶家族(diacylglycerol kinase,DGKs)在真核生物中控制細胞的不同生命過程,如細胞分化、增殖、凋亡和細胞骨架重組等,能將二酰甘油(diacylglycerol,DAG)磷酸化為磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)[1]。目前,在哺乳動物真核細胞中發現了α、β、δ、ε、η和θ等共10種DGK同工酶[2-6]。研究[7-8]表明,DGKs不僅能調節體內外抗原抗體反應,還能調控腫瘤細胞生長和侵襲。二酰甘油激酶ζ(DGKZ)主要在腦、骨骼肌、心臟和胸腺中[9]高表達。本文將DGKZ的功能綜述如下:
1 腦
DGKZ基因主要在小腦、海馬、錐體和齒狀顆粒細胞、嗅球和致密大腦皮質中高表達[10]。在對小腦長期抑郁癥(long term depression of cerebellum,LTD)的研究[11]中發現,DGKZ基因通過其錨定功能刺激或抑制蛋白激酶Cα(protein kinase C,PKCα)表達,從而發揮精確平衡LTD的作用。DGKZ能誘導腦冷凍損傷時小膠質細胞的活化,達到保護神經的作用[12]。在腦海馬區缺氧/再灌注模型中,DGKZ會從細胞核移位到胞質,提示DGKZ基因參與腦缺血性損傷過程[13]。敲除DGKZ基因的U-87MG細胞株細胞周期阻滯凋亡增加[14]。DGKZ參與調節LTD、抑制神經元細胞增殖,也可能是導致腦海馬區缺血的一個重要基因,并且能調節腦腫瘤的凋亡。
2 骨
單核成肌細胞融合成多核肌纖維是骨骼肌形成和生長的重要環節。DGKZ基因可以直接和肌營養不良糖蛋白復合物結合進行空間調節使成肌細胞融合[15]。在成肌細胞C2C12肌源性分化過程中,核DGKZ增加,表明核DGKZ可能在肌源性分化過程中發揮一定作用,它與磷脂酰肌醇特異性C磷脂酶CB1(Phospholipase CB1,PLCB1)共同定位并相互作用參與細胞的增殖和分化[16]。另外,DGKZ基因在破骨細胞前體中大量表達,并在蛋白質水平下調導致病理條件下的溶骨性破壞[17]。DGKZ基因缺陷能夠增加對增殖存活細胞因子巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)的反應性,M-CSF能誘導DGKZ基因缺陷小鼠的破骨細胞分化[18]。此外,DGKZ還能刺激PA激活mTOR信號來誘導骨骼肌肥大[19]。由此可知,DGKZ基因能調節肌動蛋白、破骨細胞分化和骨骼肌等重要骨組成部分,從而調節骨穩態。
3 心臟
DAG主要與蛋白激酶C的C1結構域結合,激活PKC。PKC在心臟肥大的發生發展中起重要作用[20]。該基因能阻斷壓力超負荷引起的心肌纖維化,并降低促纖維化基因轉化生長因子-β1(TGF-β1)及體內Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型膠原蛋白表達[21]。DGKZ基因高表達能抑制DAG-PKC信號通路的活化從而抑制轉基因小鼠(Gαq-TG)進展為少心力衰竭[22],并能夠通過延長動作電位持續時間(APD)來抑制室性心律失常,如快速性室性心律失常(VT)等[23]。此外,DGKZ基因過表達能激活PKC-ERK-AP1信號通路抑制ET-1誘導的促心肌肥大基因心房利鈉因子(ANF)的表達[24]。由上可知,DGKZ基因過表達能夠抑制DAG-PKC信號通路從而減輕心肌肥厚、控制心律失常和減少心力衰竭發生等。
4 免疫系統
DGKZ在T細胞活化中作為DAG信號傳導的選擇性負調節劑影響RasGRP和蛋白激酶Cθ的表達,限制Ras-ERK-PKC信號通路的激活,從而調控胸腺細胞和T細胞功能[25]。研究發現,DGKZ缺陷的小鼠細胞毒性T淋巴細胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)具有增強抗病毒和抗腫瘤活性的作用[26],在病理性細胞中可能有抑制腫瘤細胞誘導T細胞耐受的作用[27]。而在嵌合抗原受體T細胞(chimeric antigen receptor T-cell,CAR-T)細胞中,抑制DGKZ基因表達可以增強CAR-T細胞活性,從而達到抗腫瘤的目的[28]。miR-34a基因是DGKZ的負調節劑,其能進一步刺激再生障礙性貧血患者T細胞的增殖和活化[29]。
轉錄因子p53在協調細胞受到各種刺激時的作用至關重要。細胞質中DGKZ可減弱p53介導的細胞毒作用,表明DGKZ在正常動態平衡和應激反應過程中作為控制p53功能的前哨基因[30]。轉錄因子p53發揮促細胞凋亡的作用,核因子κB(NF-κB)發揮抑制細胞凋亡作用,DGKZ缺失在基礎和DNA損傷條件下上調p53蛋白水平,增強NF-κB表達,從而達到抑制腫瘤增長的作用[31]。白細胞介素2(IL-2)和IL-15驅動細胞毒性CD8+ T細胞的擴增和分化,DGKZ能負向調節先天樣細胞毒性CD8+ T細胞的IL-2/IL-15依賴性擴增,提示DGKZ的藥理學操作靶向控制DAG代謝可能是癌癥免疫治療的一個重要但尚未開發的領域[32]。
DGKZ基因對免疫系統調節起到關鍵作用,并能調節腫瘤增殖的關鍵基因表達。B細胞抗原受體(B cell antigen receptor,BCR)下游的信號傳導也受DGKZ基因的調控。在沉默DGKZ基因表達的情況下,通過Ras-ERK MAP激酶途徑的BCR信號傳導的閾值在成熟的濾泡B細胞中顯著降低,導致體內外對抗原的過度反應[33]。DGKZ基因在肥大細胞中也有表達,該基因能調節FcεRI與IgE結合,使肥大細胞脫粒和細胞因子分泌,導致慢性變應性炎癥和急性過敏反應等[34]。DGKZ基因的負向調節能增強NK細胞的殺傷能力[35]。
綜上所述,DGKZ作為Ⅳ型DGKs同工酶的一種,其過表達能調節小腦抑郁癥、抑制神經元細胞增殖、調節心肌肥厚、控制心律失常和減少心力衰竭等,并且能調節骨穩態,抑制其表達能增強免疫系統作用并抑制腫瘤增殖,促進腫瘤細胞凋亡和細胞周期阻滯等。然而,二酰甘油激酶家族同工酶之間的協同作用有待進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-22 本文編輯:任 念)