黃自坤 李 雪 鄧 楨 羅 清
(南昌大學第一附屬醫院檢驗科,南昌 330006)
類風濕關節炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種病因尚未闡明的慢性全身性炎癥性的自身免疫性疾病,其主要特點是不可逆的關節炎癥和損傷。RA病因復雜,可能與遺傳、環境、感染和體內激素水平等因素有關[1]。雖然RA致病機制還不明確,但已有大量的研究表明單核細胞/巨噬細胞、中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞等參與RA的發生和發展[2]。單核細胞/巨噬細胞可通過分泌大量的炎性細胞因子來維持RA患者的炎性環境以及招募大量的免疫細胞遷移至關節炎,導致關節不可逆的損傷。近年來,人類單核細胞分為三個亞群:經典型(CD14highCD16-)、中間型(CD14highCD16+)和非經典型(CD14lowCD16++),不同的亞群具有不同的表型和功能[3]。簇分化抗原64(Cluster of differentiation antigen,CD64)是IgG Fc 段受體Ⅰ(FcγRⅠ),為高親和性受體。CD64 是連接機體體液免疫和細胞免疫的橋梁,在細胞吞噬、清除免疫復合物、抗原遞呈和刺激炎性介質釋放中發揮至關重要的作用[4]。該研究通過檢測RA患者和正常對照者外周血單核細胞亞群的比例及其表面CD64的表達(包括平均熒光強度和百分率),并分析其與疾病活動度、炎癥程度和自身抗體的關系,探討不同單核細胞亞群中CD64在RA發病中的作用。
1.1材料
1.1.1臨床資料 選取2016年6月至2017年6月于南昌大學第一附屬醫院風濕免疫科就診的44例RA患者,其中男8例,女36例,平均年齡(57.5±11.9)歲,臨床診斷符合美國風濕病學會(ACR)1987年的RA診斷標準[5],并排除嚴重糖尿病、高血壓、高血脂、心腦血管疾病、肝腎疾病、血栓性疾病、血小板疾病等其他疾病。正常對照組22例,均為健康志愿者,排除炎癥或其他自身免疫性疾病,男4例,女18例,平均年齡(51.2±11.6)歲。兩組性別、年齡無顯著性差異。詳細收集RA患者臨床資料及相關實驗室檢查數據,并計算其RA疾病活動性評分(Disease activity score 28,DAS28)[6]。根據病程的長短將46例RA患者分為新發病例組(病程小于6個月)5例和復發病例組(病程大于6個月)39例[7]。所有的RA患者在采集標本前都使用了抗風濕病藥物的治療。本實驗經過醫院倫理委員會批準,患者和健康人均簽署知情同意書。
1.1.2試劑和儀器 流式細胞抗體藻紅蛋白標記的CD64抗體(Phycoerythrin- CD64,PE- CD64)、異硫氰酸熒光素標記的CD40抗體(Fluorescein isothiocyanate- CD40,FITC- CD40)購自美國eBioscience公司,藻紅蛋白- 得克薩斯紅標記的CD14抗體(Phycoerythrin- texas red,ECD- CD14)、藻紅蛋白- Cy5標記的CD16抗體(PhycoerythrinCy5- CD16,PE- Cy5- CD16)及相應的同型對照PE- IgGl和FITC- IgG1均購自美國Beckman Coulter公司。Cytomics FC 500流式細胞儀購自美國Beckman Coulter公司,分析軟件為儀器自帶的CXP分析系統。
1.2方法
1.2.1外周血單個核細胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)提取 采集受試者清晨空腹EDTA抗凝外周血5 ml,6 h內送檢。采用 Ficoll- Paque 分離液 (Sigma,USA)提取RA患者和對照者的PBMC。
1.2.2流式細胞檢測 各取受試者100 μl 生理鹽水重懸的PBMC加入試管中,按以下組合加入單克隆抗體各10 μl:ECD- CD14、PC5- CD16、PE- IgG1、FITC- IgG1;ECD- CD14、PC5- CD16、FITC- CD40、PE- CD64,4℃避光孵育30 min,室溫1 500 r/min離心5 min,棄上清液,用生理鹽水洗滌2次,用500 μl生理鹽水重懸上機檢測。Cytomics FC 500流式細胞儀進行分析,使用CXP分析軟件分析經典型、中間型、非經典型單核細胞的比例及各單核細胞亞群CD40和CD64的表達水平。
1.2.3細胞因子檢測 血清細胞因子IL- 6、IL- 8和IL- 10采用酶聯免疫吸附法(美國 Signalway Antibody公司)。
1.2.4RA的其他指標檢測方法 CRP和RF采用速率散色比濁法(美國Beckman Coulter公司),ACPA抗體采用酶聯免疫吸附法(上??菩律锛夹g股份有限公司),ESR采用動態血沉儀法(北京普利生公司)。
1.3統計學處理 運用統計軟件SPSS17.0軟件對數據進行描述和分析。首先進行正態性檢驗,符合正態性分布數據,兩組間比較采用t檢驗,否則采用非參數檢驗。兩變量為正態分布數據,相關性采用Pearson相關分析,否則采用Spearman 相關分析。以雙側P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1RA患者和對照組外周血單核細胞亞群比例的比較 外周血單個核細胞經流式抗體標記后,流式細胞儀采用前向散射光(FS)、側向散射光(SS)和CD14區別單核細胞(圖1A),根據CD14和CD16的表達情況測定單核細胞亞群比例(圖 1A:P1、P2、P3分別為經典型、中間型和非經典型單核細胞)。結果如圖1所示,RA組經典型單核細胞亞群比例低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P=0.024);中間型單核細胞亞群比例高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.001);非經典型單核細胞亞群比例低于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P=0.004)。
2.2RA患者和對照組外周血單核細胞各亞群CD64和CD40表達水平的比較 結果如表1所示,RA組經典型、中間型、非經典型單核細胞CD64表達水平明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P=0.036,P= 0.004,P<0.001);RA組經典型、中間型、非經典型單核細胞CD64表達百分率與對照組比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05);RA組非經典型單核細胞CD40表達水平明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.001);而其他各組之間比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
2.3RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達水
平與DAS28評分相關性分析 結果如圖2所示,RA患者外周血經典型單核細胞CD64表達水平、中間型單核細胞CD64表達水平與DAS28呈正相關(rs=0.308,P=0.044;rs=0.302,P=0.049);而RA患者外周血非經典型單核細胞CD64表達水平與DAS28無明顯相關性(rs=0.262,P=0.090)。

圖1 RA患者和對照組血單核細胞亞群比例的比較Fig.1 Proportions of each monocytes subsets between RA patients and CONNote: A.Analysis of monocytes subsets by flow cytometry;B.The proportions of classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients compared to healthy controls;C.The proportions of classical monocytes was significantly increased in healthy controls compared to RA patients;D.The proportions of classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients compared to healthy controls.
表1RA患者和對照組單核細胞各亞群CD64和CD40表達的比較
Tab.1ExpressionofCD64andCD40onmonocytessubsetsinRApatientsandhealthycontrols

GroupsHealthycontrolsRAt/zvaluePvalueClassicalmonocytesCD64(%)99.83±0.4699.80±0.650.180.860CD64(MFI)29.68±8.2139.32±17.74329.000.036CD40(%)24.93±14.6339.88±28.95226.000.142CD40(MFI)2.78±2.203.07±1.700.530.598IntermediatemonocytesCD64(%)99.34±1.3699.16±2.07422.500.397CD64(MFI)29.82±8.3543.19±19.14269.000.004CD40(%)43.34±17.7443.15±27.870.030.980CD40(MFI)5.14±2.975.45±4.270.270.792NonclassicalmonocytesCD64(%)59.02±19.3666.69±22.731.230.222CD64(MFI)11.61±4.8525.87±12.33136.00<0.001CD40(%)48.14±19.5342.87±28.270.680.500CD40(MFI)4.40±1.096.66±2.4695.00<0.001
2.4RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與炎癥指標相關性分析 結果如圖3所示,RA患者外周血各單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與ESR,CRP呈正相關(rs=0.410,P=0.008;rs=0.475,P=0.003;rs=0.448,P=0.003;rs=0.473,P=0.004;rs=0.348,P=0.026;rs=0.340,P=0.042)。
2.5RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與自身抗體的關系 結果如圖4所示,RA患者RF陽性組、ACPA陽性組外周血經典型單核細胞上CD64表達水平明顯高于對應的陰性組,差異有統計學意義(P=0.004;P=0.046);RA患者RF陽性組、ACPA陽性組外周血中間型單核細胞上CD64表達水平明顯高于對應的陰性組,差異有統計學意義(P=0.004;P=0.042);RA患者RF陽性組、ACPA陽性組外周血非經典型單核細胞上CD64表達水平與對應的陰性組差異無統計學意義(P=0.813;P=0.672)。

圖2 RA患者單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與DAS28相關性分析Fig.2 Correlation of expression of CD64 on monocy- tes subsets in RA patients with DAS28Note: A.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with DAS28;B.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with DAS28;C.The expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes in RA patients did not correlate with DAS28.
2.6新發和復發RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群的CD64表達水平的比較 結果如圖5所示,外周血單核細胞亞群上CD64表達水平在新發RA患者與復發RA患者之間的差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。
2.7RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與細胞因子的關系 結果如表2所示,RA患者血清細胞因子IL- 6和IL- 8水平明顯高于對照組,差異
表2RA患者和對照組血清細胞因子水平的比較
Tab.2Serumlevelsofinflammatorycytokinesatbaselineinpatientswithrheumatoidarthritis(RA)andhealthycontrols

GroupsRA(n=31)Healthycontrols(n=22)t/zvaluePvalueIL-640.94±8.9519.77±6.24159.000.001IL-8103.30±23.7645.70±9.41226.000.039IL-1022.71±2.3521.24±1.77333.500.899

圖3 RA患者單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與炎性指標相關性分析Fig.3 Correlation of expression of CD64 on monocytes subsets in RA patients with inflammatory markersNote: A.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with ESR;B.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with ESR;C.The expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with ESR;D.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with CRP;E.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with CRP;F.The expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes in RA patients correlated significantly with CRP.

圖4 RA患者單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與自身抗體的關系Fig.4 Correlation of expression of CD64 on monocytes subsets in RA patients with autoantibodyNote: A.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive RF compared to RA patients with negative RF;B.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive RF compared to RA patients with negative RF;C.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes between RA patients with positive RF and RA patients with negative RF;D.The expression of CD64 on classical monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive ACPA compared to RA patients with negative ACPA;E.The expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes was significantly increased in RA patients with positive ACPA compared to RA patients with negative ACPA;F.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes between RA patients with positive ACPA and RA patients with negative ACPA.
表3RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平與細胞因子的關系
Tab.3AssociationbetweenexpressionofCD64onmonocytesubsetsandserumcytokineconcentration

GroupsRAhighRAlowt/zvaluePvalueClassicalmonocytesIL-660.58±17.9624.77±4.6776.000.092IL-862.54±20.06136.8±38.7978.000.108IntermediatemonocytesIL-663.72±17.5022.19±4.5256.000.013IL-863.13±19.97136.30±38.8889.000.242NonclassicalmonocytesIL-627.31±4.9755.49±17.2495.000.333IL-8118.30±41.5687.25±22.13114.500.843

圖5 新發RA患者和復發RA患者單核細胞亞群CD64表達水平Fig.5 Expression of CD64 on monocytes subsets in new- onset and revisiting RA patientsNote: A.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on classical monocytes between new- onset and re- visiting RA patients;B.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on intermediate monocytes between new- onset and re- visiting RA patients;C.No significant difference was observed in the expression of CD64 on nonclassical monocytes between new- onset and re- visiting RA patients
有統計學意義(P<0.05);RA患者血清細胞因子IL- 10水平與對照組比較無統計學意義(P>0.05)。以表1中各單核細胞亞群上CD64表達水平的均數作為界限分別將RA分成兩組RAhigh(經典型CD64>39.32;中間型CD64>43.19;非經典型CD64>25.87)和RAlow(經典型CD64<39.32;中間型CD64<43.19;非經典型CD64<25.87),比較各單核細胞亞群中這兩組血清細胞因子IL- 6和IL- 8的差異,結果如表3所示,中間型單核細胞RAhigh組血清細胞因子IL- 6水平明顯高于RAlow組,差異有統計學意義(P=0.013),其他組間無差異。
單核細胞是一群異質性的細胞,根據CD14和CD16表達情況其可分為三種類型:經典型(CD14++CD16-)、中間型(CD14++CD16+)和非經典型(CD14+CD16++)。三個亞群在表型、功能及炎癥活化潛能方面存在著明顯的差異。經典型單核細胞具有很強的吞噬功能和炎癥調節能力[8,9];中間型單核細胞具有很強的促炎作用,在急性炎癥中可明顯上調其比例[10,11];非經典型單核細胞能識別炎癥信號并迅速遷移到炎癥部位[12]。之前的研究已證實單核細胞在RA發生和發展中發揮著重要的作用[2],而RA的發病和嚴重程度可能與單核細胞亞群的異常有關。雖然有研究證實RA患者經典型單核細胞比例降低、中間型單核細胞比例升高,但對于非經典型單核細胞的比例升高還存在爭議[13- 15]。與此研究一致的是,Lacerte等[14]發現RA患者經典型單核細胞比例降低、中間型單核細胞比例和非經典型單核細胞比例升高。不同研究結果不一致的原因可能是納入研究對象的病程以及用藥情況不一致。
簇分化抗原64(cluster of differentiation antigen,CD64)是IgG Fc 段受體Ⅰ(FcγRⅠ),為高親和性受體,是連接機體體液免疫和細胞免疫的橋梁,在細胞吞噬、清除免疫復合物、抗原遞呈和刺激炎性介質釋放中發揮至關重要的作用[4]。RA患者外周血中單核細胞CD64的表達升高,并與疾病嚴重程度相關[16,17]。RA滑膜組織CD64表達升高,并可作為RA診斷標志物[18]。本次實驗證實,RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群高表達CD64,與此研究一致的是,Rossol等[19]研究表明RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達明顯上升。此外,通過分析RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群CD64表達的臨床意義發現,RA患者經典型單核細胞和中間型單核細胞上CD64的表達情況與DAS28呈正相關,說明經典型單核細胞和中間型單核細胞上CD64分子的表達水平與疾病嚴重程度呈正比,患者疾病越嚴重,CD64分子的表達水平越高;且RA患者經典型單核細胞和中間型單核細胞上表達的 CD64 與 ESR、CRP呈正相關;另外,RA 患者經典型單核細胞和中間型單核細胞上CD64的表達水平與自身抗體 RF 及 CCP 含量相關。而并沒有發現非經典型單核細胞上CD64的表達水平與DAS28、自身抗體 RF 及 CCP 含量相關。這可能的原因是:一方面各單核細胞亞群所執行的功能不同;另一方面CD64作為一種高親和力的活性受體,能結合免疫球蛋白和CRP等分子參與炎癥的調節[16,20,21]。
本研究通過檢測RA患者和對照者血清細胞因子IL- 6、IL- 8和IL- 10水平發現,RA患者血清IL- 6和IL- 8水平升高,與此研究一致的是,Tsukamoto等[13]研究表明RA患者血清IL- 6和IL- 8水平明顯上升。通過分析RA患者外周血單核細胞亞群上CD64的表達與血清中IL- 6和IL- 8的水平關系發現,高表達CD64的中間型單核細胞組的IL- 6水平明顯升高,說明中間型單核細胞表達的CD64與其分泌的細胞因子IL- 6有關。IL- 6在可溶性IL- 6受體(sIL- 6R)存在下能促進血管內皮生長因子的產生,而血管內皮生長因子可促進內皮細胞的增殖與遷移,從而改變血管通透性,以此介導炎癥反應,這與 RA 血管翳的形成密切相關[22]。RA患者血清中IL- 6在疾病活動期升高顯著,且與RA臨床表現相關[23],針對 IL- 6的生物制劑對部分患者有肯定的療效[24]。
此外,需要指出的是,本文尚存在一些不足:(1)新發RA患者的研究樣本不夠多;(2)沒有檢測未用藥的新發 RA 患者,因此我們無法了解在沒有藥物干擾情況下,外周血單核細胞亞群上CD64在RA中的作用;(3)由于單核細胞經過LPS等刺激劑作用后CD16會消失[25],因此未直接檢測單核細胞亞群分泌細胞因子的能力。本研究在后續的研究中將進一步擴大樣本量檢測未用藥新發RA 患者CD64的表達情況,使研究結果更具有可靠性。
綜上所述,RA 患者外周血經典型單核細胞和中間型單核細胞表達CD64升高,且其表達與疾病活動度及自身抗體產生有關,高表達CD64的中間型單核細胞分泌較多的促炎細胞因子IL- 6,參與RA的疾病過程,為臨床觀察疾病活動度、療效及預后提供新的實驗室依據,為RA的治療提供新的方向。
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