姜陽 鄭曉群
[摘要] 目的 探討比伐盧定聯合替格瑞洛治療老年ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者的臨床療效。方法 回顧性分析2016年6月~2017年9月在我院住院的140例老年(年齡≥60)行直接經皮冠狀動脈介入(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)治療的STEMI患者,分為兩組,觀察組68例,術前阿司匹林聯合替格瑞洛治療,術中比伐盧定抗凝;對照組72例, 術前阿司匹林聯合氯吡格雷治療,術中肝素鈉抗凝。結果 PPCI治療后觀察組心肌梗死溶栓試驗(Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction,TIMI)血流分級TIMI3級比率高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。隨訪1個月,主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)發生率觀察組(1.47%)較對照組 (11.11%)降低,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。出血發生率觀察組(1.4%)較對照組(5.6%)降低,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。結論 比伐盧定聯合替格瑞洛和阿司匹林的抗栓治療方案可以改善老年STEMI患者預后。
[關鍵詞] 替格瑞洛;氯吡格雷;經皮冠狀動脈介入治療;急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死
[中圖分類號] R542.22 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2018)08-0045-04
Clinical study of bivalirudin combined with ticagrelor in patients with ST - elevation myocardial infarction
JIANG Yang ZHENG Xiaoqun
Ward 4 of Department of Cardiology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of bivalirudin combined with ticagrelor on elderly patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI). Methods A retrospective analysis of 140 elderly (≥60 years) STEMI (segment elevation myocardial infarction)patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) hospitalized in Dalian Central Hospital from June 2016 to September 2017 was conducted. For the two groups, 68 cases in the observation group took preoperative aspirin combined with ticagrelor and intraoperative bivalirudin anticoagulation treatment; 72 patients in control group took preoperative aspirin combined with clopidogrel and intraoperative heparin sodium coagulation treatment. Results The rate of TIMI grade 3(Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction,TIMI) in observation group after PPCI treatment was higher than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). One month after follow-up, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) in observation group (1.47%) was lower than that in control group(11.11%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The incidence of bleeding in the observation group (1.4%) was lower than that in the control group (5.6%), with no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion The antithrombotic regimen of bivalirudin combined with ticagrelor and aspirin can improve the prognosis of elderly patients with STEMI.
[Key words] Ticagrelor; Clopidogrel; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction;
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction ,STEMI)是由于冠狀動脈內血栓形成導致急性冠狀動脈閉塞,起病急、病情重,無論患者是否接受早期再灌注治療,盡早和充分使用快速、強效的抗血小板藥物治療均可改善臨床預后。氯吡格雷聯合阿司匹林是常用的抗血小板方案,目前新的抗血小板方案是替格瑞洛聯合阿司匹林,替格瑞洛是環戊基三唑嘧啶類藥物,ACC/AHA冠心病患者雙聯抗血小板時程更新指南[1]推薦急性冠脈綜合征患者PCI后首選替格瑞洛治療。本研究入選了140例接受直接經皮冠狀動脈介入(primary percutaneous coronary intervention ,PPCI)治療的老年STEMI患者,新的抗栓治療策略對比傳統的治療策略,即阿司匹林聯合替格瑞洛及PPCI術中比伐盧定對比阿司匹林聯合氯吡格雷及PPCI術中肝素鈉,觀察其臨床療效及安全性。現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性分析我院2016年6月~2017年9月收治的140例行PPCI治療的急性STEMI患者,根據抗栓治療策略的不同分為兩組,觀察組(68例)術中比伐盧定聯合替格瑞洛治療,對照組(72例)術中肝素鈉聯合氯吡格雷治療,觀察組(66.13±6.35)歲,對照組(65.67±5.98)歲,兩組患者在年齡、性別、危險因素、PPCI治療方式均無統計學差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。納入標準:(1)參照美國心臟病學會基金會/美國心臟學會(ACCF/AHA)診斷標準[2]確診的STEMI;(2)發病12 h內行PPCI治療。排除標準:(1)血液疾病、惡性腫瘤、嚴重肝腎功能不全、腦出血患者;(2)心源性休克;(3)近期有重大外傷或手術史、活動性出血患者。
1.2 方法
PPCI術前阿司匹林300 mg 口服,觀察組替格瑞洛術前180 mg及術后 90 mg,2次/d口服,術中抗凝應用比伐盧定注射液(深圳信立泰藥業股份有限公司,國藥準字H20110095,0.25 g)動脈穿刺前比伐盧定負荷劑量 0.75 mg/kg靜脈注射,之后1.75 mg/(kg·h)的劑量靜脈內持續泵入至術后4 h。對照組氯吡格雷300 mg及術后75 mg/d,術中肝素鈉注射液(南京新百藥業有限公司,國藥準字H32025851,2 mL:12500單位),穿刺成功后經鞘管注入100 U/kg。
1.3 觀察指標
(1)觀察兩組患者PPCI術后心肌梗死溶栓試驗(Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流;(2)PPCI術后1個月內出現的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的發生率,MACE包括再發心絞痛、再發心肌梗死、支架內血栓、心源性死亡;(3)觀察出血及其他不良反應。
1.4 統計學方法
采用SPSS19.0統計學軟件進行數據分析。計量資料以均數±標準差 (x±s)表示,符合正態分布兩組之間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;計數資料以頻數和百分比表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2結果
2.1 兩組PPCI治療后心肌梗死溶栓試驗血流分級比較
觀察組TIMI3級血流比率明顯高于對照組,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 兩組治療后1個月內的主要心血管不良事件發生率比較
觀察兩組患者術后1個月內出現的再發心絞痛、再發心肌梗死、支架內血栓、心源性死亡發生率均低于對照組,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),MACE發生率兩組差異有統計學意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 兩組治療后不良反應
兩組均無大出血發生,觀察組小出血1例(1.5%),對照組4例(5.6%),差異無統計學意義(χ2=0.716,P=0.397)。觀察組呼吸困難4例(5.9%)高于對照組1例(1.4%),差異無統計學意義(χ2=0.953,P=0.329)。
3討論
目前STEMI患者常用抗血小板方案為阿司匹林聯合氯吡格雷,氯吡格雷是一種前體型藥物,需經過細胞色素P450 同工酶的生物轉化后才具備抗血小板活性。然而,氯吡格雷抗血小板反應性存在很高的個體差異[3],而高抗血小板反應性與不良心血管事件增加有關,包括支架內血栓[4,5]。替格瑞洛是新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑,費用高,臨床應用并不多,但當前歐美和我國的急性冠脈綜合征(Acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和PCI指南中雙聯抗血小板的推薦方案或優先推薦方案為阿司匹林聯合一種新型P2Y12受體抑制劑[6-8]。
在一項98例STEMI行PPCI患者的研究中[9],替格瑞洛聯合比伐盧定組患者的TIMI血流分級高于替格瑞洛聯合肝素組。本研究觀察老年STEMI行PPCI治療的患者,結果顯示PPCI治療后替格瑞洛聯合比伐盧定組TIMI3級比率明顯高于對照組。隨訪1個月, MACE(再發心絞痛、再發心肌梗死、支架內血栓、心源性死亡)發生率觀察組(1.47%)明顯低于對照組(11.11%)。這是由于替格瑞洛是一種直接作用、可逆結合的新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑,與氯吡格雷相比,替格瑞洛具有更快、更強及更一致的抑制血小板效果,不受代謝酶活性的影響,對于急診PCI具有重要意義[10,11],也奠定了在ACS患者中雙抗治療新策略的地位。PLATO研究[12]STEMI亞組入選的8430例STEMI患者,多數患者接受再灌注治療,替格瑞洛較氯吡格雷降低心血管事件復合終點風險(9.3%vs11.0%,P=0.02)。
一項1970例口服替格瑞洛的ACS患者資料表明,中國ACS人群應用替格瑞洛安全有效[13]。本研究出血發生率觀察組1.5%低于對照組5.6%,分析可能原因如下:(1)對照組常規的普通肝素抗凝,而觀察組術中比伐盧定抗凝,比伐盧定作為抗凝血酶原的直接抑制劑,主要通過直接、特異性地作用于和纖維蛋白結合的凝血酶以及游離的凝血酶發揮抗凝作用,半衰期較短,能顯著降低抗凝后的出血風險,更適用于需要抗凝治療的出血高風險人群[14]。近年國內外指南均推薦PCI圍手術期應用比伐盧定與肝素具有相同的地位,而在出血高危或肝素誘導的血小板減少患者中,比伐盧定優于肝素[15,16]。(2)替格瑞洛與血小板P2Y12受體可逆性結合,起效快、失效也快,有利于減少出血風險。(3)本研究樣本量小隨訪時間短。本研究老年STEMI患者常并存多個冠心病危險因素,冠脈造影常為多支病變,常為缺血高危出血也是高危,因而只有合理個體化的抗栓治療方案才能使患者得到臨床凈獲益。
呼吸困難是替格瑞洛的常見不良反應,可能與血漿腺苷濃度增高有關。本研究觀察組患者發生呼吸困難為輕度,均發生在1周內,可自行緩解,本研究中呼吸困難發生率觀察組5.9%,低于RESPOND研究[17]替格瑞洛組呼吸困難發生率13%。
替格瑞洛的提前停服近來備受關注,在一項院外服用替格瑞洛現狀的調查研究中[18],納入的404例ACS患者,158例(39.1%)一年內提前停藥,其中119例更換為氯吡格雷,停藥原因中經濟原因17.7%,出血事件18.4%,藥物可及性原因34.8%,缺血事件并未因為提前停藥而增加。PEGASUS-TIMI 54研究[19]中1/3的患者提前停服替格瑞洛是由于非生物性原因,但未闡明停藥原因。而在ACSIS研究[20]中,急性心肌梗死行PCI患者,14%患者在出院30 d內停服替格瑞洛。TRANSLATE-ACS研究[21]納入的8672例急性心梗行PCI的患者,替格瑞洛組患者更換為氯吡格雷或普拉格雷占28.3%。本研究隨訪1個月所有患者未停服替格瑞洛,與以下幾點有關:(1)出院后醫生叮囑患者不能停藥;(2)術后1個月內所有患者完成門診隨訪頻次為1~3次;(3)患者享受口服抗血小板藥物的國家醫保補助資金;(4)本研究所有患者未發生因替格瑞洛所致大出血或重度呼吸困難;(5)隨訪時間未到1年。本研究1個月隨訪期間患者口服替格瑞洛依從性很好,但長期口服是否會有停藥或換藥取決多方面因素的影響,增加隨訪頻率可以提高患者的依從性。
綜上所述,接受PPCI的老年STEMI患者,比伐盧定聯合替格瑞洛和阿司匹林的抗栓治療策略,可以減少不良心血管事件的發生,且有降低出血發生的趨勢,改善患者預后,安全性高。本研究不足為單中心回顧性研究、樣本量小、隨訪時間短,長期預后待于大規模多中心隨機臨床試驗證實。
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(收稿日期:2017-12-24)