農(nóng)作物事業(yè)育種研究行為的市場(chǎng)化轉(zhuǎn)變

繆炳良 馬鴻華

摘要 我國(guó)現(xiàn)行大宗農(nóng)作物育種仍然以事業(yè)育種為主。事業(yè)育種與企業(yè)育種相比存在以下問(wèn)題而使育種效率低下：因機(jī)構(gòu)重置而帶來(lái)育種目標(biāo)滯后，育成品種同質(zhì)化；因成果追求概念不同而疏于配套栽培技術(shù)研究，使許多新品種難于推廣應(yīng)用；因育種成果非知識(shí)資本化處理而使研究缺乏原創(chuàng)動(dòng)力。針對(duì)這些問(wèn)題，提出了整合育種團(tuán)隊(duì)、統(tǒng)一做好規(guī)范化年度育種計(jì)劃、建設(shè)生態(tài)多樣化篩選鑒定測(cè)試點(diǎn)網(wǎng)、做好新品種（系）審定后栽培示范技術(shù)服務(wù)等現(xiàn)有事業(yè)育種行為市場(chǎng)化轉(zhuǎn)變的方案。

關(guān)鍵詞 事業(yè)育種；企業(yè)育種；研究行為；市場(chǎng)化；轉(zhuǎn)變

中圖分類號(hào) S-9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 0517-6611（2018）20-0217-03

Abstract Chinas current bulk crop breeding still focuses on career breeding.Compared with enterprise breeding， business breeding has the following problems and makes breeding efficiency inefficient：as a result of institutional resetting， lagging breeding objectives and homogenization of bred cultivars；due to the different concepts of the pursuit of results and the lack of research on supporting cultivation techniques， many new varieties are difficult to popularize and apply； because of the nonknowledge capitalization of breeding achievements， the research lacks original motivation.In response to these problems， some proposals has been made for the marketoriented transformation of existing business breeding practices：integrating the breeding team， unified and standardized the annual breeding program， building ecological diversification screening and appraisal and test point network， and doing a good job of the new breed （system） certification after cultivation demonstration technology service.

Key words Career breeding；Corporate breeding；Research behavior；Marketization；Transformation

自2000年《種子法》頒布實(shí)施以后，我國(guó)大宗農(nóng)作物育種研究的事業(yè)屬性開(kāi)始向企業(yè)屬性轉(zhuǎn)變，可是這種轉(zhuǎn)變是緩慢的。18年后的今天，已經(jīng)在企業(yè)育種上有所建樹(shù)的隆平高科、大北農(nóng)等少數(shù)種子企業(yè)難以改變我國(guó)大宗農(nóng)作物育種仍以事業(yè)研究為主的格局。

影響事業(yè)育種企業(yè)化、市場(chǎng)化進(jìn)程的主要因素是現(xiàn)行土地分散經(jīng)營(yíng)的種植業(yè)模式。在土地分散經(jīng)營(yíng)模式下，無(wú)數(shù)小之又小的種植業(yè)主（農(nóng)戶）需要分享“公益性”的育種成果，但是，隨著土地租賃承包期的到限，以及現(xiàn)階段國(guó)家正在大力推進(jìn)的土地資本化（承包耕地和宅基地確權(quán)）、土地集約化和種植業(yè)企業(yè)化改造的推進(jìn)[1]，大批規(guī)?；N植業(yè)主的涌現(xiàn)，育種研究成果（新品種權(quán)）“公益性分享”的市場(chǎng)需要將逐步下降，“應(yīng)用性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”的市場(chǎng)需求將隨之快速上升?！?br>