肖高鵬 李俞錦
【摘要】目的探討七氟醚對老齡血管性認知功能障礙大鼠認知功能的影響及作用機制。方法將60只6月齡雌性Wistar大鼠分為3組,每組各20只。A組大鼠為假手術組,B組大鼠實施右側頸動脈結扎術;C組大鼠實施右側頸動脈結扎術后吸入2%七氟醚。采用穿梭箱和水迷宮試驗評價大鼠的認知功能,原位末端脫氧核苷酸轉移酶標記法檢測海馬神經元凋亡指數,流式細胞儀檢測神經元細胞的凋亡指數和鈣離子熒光指數,ELISA檢測海馬組織和外周血炎性因子[血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)、IL1β、TNFα]水平以及海馬神經元細胞勻漿中線粒體呼吸鏈復合體Ⅰ~Ⅳ的活性。結果 穿梭箱試驗中B、C組大鼠的電擊次數多于A組、主動逃避次數少于A組、學習和記憶潛伏期較A組延長(P均<001),而C組大鼠電擊次數較B組減少、主動逃避次數較B組增多、學習和記憶潛伏期短于C組(P均<001)。B、C組大鼠海馬組織及外周血血清VEGF水平低于A組、IL1β和TNFα水平高于A組(P均<005);與B組比較,C組VEGF水平較高、IL1β和TNFα水平較低(P均<005)。大鼠血清VEGF水平與電擊次數、學習潛伏期、記憶潛伏期均呈負相關(P均<005),與主動逃避次數呈正相關。IL1β水平和TNFα水平與電擊次數、學習潛伏期、記憶潛伏期均呈正相關(P均<005),與主動逃避次數均呈負相關(P均<005)。A、C組大鼠的海馬神經元細胞凋亡指數和鈣離子熒光指數均低于B組(P均<001)、海馬中線粒體呼吸鏈復合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性高于B組(P均<005),A、C上述指標組間比較差異均無統計學意義(P>005)。結論七氟醚干預可減輕老齡大鼠血管性認知功能障礙,其機制可能與增加VEGF表達、減輕炎癥損傷有關。
【關鍵詞】血管性認知功能障礙;七氟醚;炎性因子;血管內皮生長因子
Effect and mechanism of sevoflurane on the cognitive function in elderly rats with vascular cognitive impairmentXiao Gaopeng,Li Yujin Department of Anesthesiology,the First Peoples Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, China
Corresponding author, Li Yujin
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of sevoflurane on the cognitive function in elderly rats with vascular cognitive impairment MethodsSixty male Wistar rats aged 6 months were divided into three groups (n=20 for each group) In group A, sham operation was performed In group B, rats were treated with unilateral carotid artery ligation In group C, unilateral carotid artery ligation was performed, followed by the inhalation of 2% sevoflurane The cognitive function of rats was evaluated by shuttle box and water maze tests The apoptotic index of hippocampal neurons was detected by TUNEL The apoptotic rate and calcium ion fluorescent index of neurons were measured by flow cytometry The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (VEGF, IL1β and TNFα) in the hippocampal tissues and peripheral blood and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IIV in the hippocampal neurons were quantitatively detected by ELISA ResultsDuring the shuttle box test, the number of electrical shocks was significantly more, the number of active escape was considerably less and the learning and memory latency was significantly longer in groups B and C compared with those in group A (all P<001) In group C, the number of electrical shocks was significantly decreased, the number of active escape was considerably increased and the latency of learning and memory was significantly longer than those in group B (all P<001) In groups B and C, the expression levels of VEGF in hippocampal tissues and peripheral blood were significantly lower, whereas the expression levels of IL1β and TNFα were significantly higher than those in group A (both P<005) Compared with group B, the expression level of VEGF was evidently higher, whereas the expression levels of IL1β and TNFα were significantly lower in group C (all P<005) The expression level of serum VEGF was negatively correlated with the number of electrical shocks, learning and memory latency (both P<005), whereas positively associated with the number of active escape The expression levels of IL1β and TNFα were positively correlated with the number of electrical shocks, learning and memory latency (all P<005), whereas negatively correlated with the number of active escape (P<005) In groups A and C, the apoptotic index of hippocampal neurons and calcium ion fluorescent index were significantly lower (both P<001), whereas the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex ⅠandⅡ was considerably higher (both P<005) than those in group B No statistical significance was noted in these parameters between groups A and C (all P>005) Conclusion Sevoflurane intervention can alleviate vascular cognitive impairment in aged rats, which is probably correlated with upregulating the expression of VEGF and mitigating inflammatory injury
【Key words】Vascular cognitive impairment; Sevoflurane; Inflammatory cytokine;
Vascular endothelial growth factor
血管性認知功能障礙是血管或血管相關因素引起的認知功能障礙,與血管性炎癥性損傷密切相關,常發生于麻醉和(或)手術后[12]。高齡患者耐受麻醉和手術的能力低,而且隨著肝、腎功能的減退,藥物在其體內消除的半衰期也延長。七氟醚對心率影響不明顯、氣道刺激小,為臨床常用麻醉藥物。有學者認為,七氟醚能激活線粒體中的相關信號通路,減少炎性因子的生成,從而緩解術后腦損傷[3]。然而,4%七氟醚吸入誘導約2 min患者意識即可消失,麻醉過深時有誘發全身痙攣的可能。目前有關七氟醚用于血管性認知功能障礙的效果尚有爭議,因此本研究著重探討七氟醚對老年血管性認知功能障礙大鼠認知功能的影響及其作用機制,現報告如下。
材料與方法
一、實驗動物
60只6月齡雌性Wistar大鼠,體質量250~300 g,購自中科院上海實驗動物中心,飼養于SPF級動物房,本研究對實驗動物的處置均符合中華人民共和國科學技術部頒發的《關于善待實驗動物的指導性意見》。
二、主要試劑和儀器
七氟醚購自江蘇恩華制藥有限公司,血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)、IL1β和TNFα檢測試劑盒購自南京碧云天公司,戊巴比妥鈉和伊文思藍購自北京雷根生物公司,原位末端脫氧核苷酸轉移酶標記(TUNEL)試劑盒購自北京雷根生物公司;貝克曼庫爾特Cyto FLEX流式細胞儀。
三、方法
1實驗動物分組
60只大鼠按隨機數字表法分為A、B、C組,每組各20只。A組大鼠為假手術組;B組大鼠為血管性認知功能障礙模型,實施右側頸動脈結扎術,結扎時間為1 h;C組大鼠實施右側頸動脈結扎術后吸入2%七氟醚(每日2 h,共計5 d)[4]。
2大鼠認知功能檢測
穿梭箱試驗:成功造模3 d后實施,穿梭箱規格為60 cm×16 cm×25 cm。將大鼠置于穿梭箱中20 s后,開啟蜂鳴器,5 s后給予30 V 50 Hz電擊,總電擊時間為1 min,統計電擊和主動逃避的次數。每只實驗大鼠重復3次測試,結果取平均值。
水迷宮試驗:穿梭箱試驗3 d后實施,第1~3日進行定位航行訓練,第4日以大鼠尋找并爬上平臺的時間為逃避潛伏期;第8日進行空間探索實驗,以在原平臺Ⅰ象限游泳時間即空間探索時間為記憶潛伏期。
3大鼠海馬組織和血清標本取材
水迷宮試驗完成后,經大鼠腹腔注射 2%戊巴比妥(50 mg/kg)進行麻醉,取尾靜脈血后斷頭處死,夾閉腹主動脈,灌注4 ℃ 4%多聚甲醛,速度先快后慢,共30 min,至右耳流出液體血色較淺且基本澄清為止,冰上分離腦組織,剝離雙側海馬。
4大鼠海馬神經元細胞凋亡情況的檢測
每組取8只大鼠的海馬組織浸入4%的多聚甲醛溶液中,置4 ℃固定24 h,采用TUNEL染色,于顯微鏡下觀察海馬神經元細胞的凋亡情況:每張海馬切片隨機選擇5個互相不重疊的視野,并選擇400倍熒光顯微鏡下觀察,陽性凋亡細胞的細胞核呈綠色顆粒狀,計算凋亡指數,凋亡指數=陽性細胞數/(陽性細胞數+陰性細胞數)×100%。
5海馬神經元鈣離子水平檢測
每組各取6只大鼠的海馬組織制作組織勻漿,2 000~3 000轉/分離心20 min,收集上清,應用流式細胞儀檢測,以熒光指數反映胞漿鈣離子水平。
6炎性因子及線粒體呼吸鏈復合體水平的檢測
20只大鼠的尾靜脈血加入10% 01 mol/L檸檬酸鈉混合10~20 min后,2 000~3 000轉/分離心20 min,收集上清,應用ELISA檢測大鼠血清中TNFα、IL1β和VEGF水平。每組取6只大鼠的海馬組織剪碎后加入DMEM培養基制成單細胞懸液,以ELISA檢測海馬神經元中TNFα、IL1β、VEGF和線粒體呼吸鏈復合物Ⅰ~Ⅳ水平。
四、統計學處理
使用SPSS 210處理數據。計量資料均先行正態性檢驗,符合正態分布者以±s表示,多組比較用方差分析,組間兩兩比較使用LSDt檢驗;老齡大鼠血清炎性因子水平與認知功能的關系采用Pearson相關性分析。P<005為差異有統計學意義。
結果
一、3組老齡大鼠的行為學測定結果
1穿梭箱試驗結果
B、C組大鼠的電擊次數均多于A組,主動逃避次數均少于A組(P均<001);而C組大鼠電擊次數較B組減少,主動逃避次數較B組增多(P均<001),見表1。
討論
炎癥反應是缺血性神經元損傷的主要機制,微血管損傷誘發的缺血再灌注損傷的核心是炎癥反應的活化,癡呆程度和炎癥與腦血管損傷有著直接的聯系,所以抑制炎癥是治療腦血管疾病的主要策略。TNFα 與 IL1β是腦缺血損傷炎癥反應最早出現的細胞因子[57]。腦室注射IL1β抑制劑可改善大鼠空間學習能力的損害[8]。TNFα水平的上調與認知功能障礙有關[9]。研究發現,麻醉藥物能夠抑制炎性細胞因子的過度產生,并能減輕由缺血誘發的神經元凋亡[1011]。VEGF能夠促進血管的生長和側支循環的建立,是腦缺血性損傷的血管修復因子。局灶腦缺血的動物實驗顯示,腦梗死后 3 d是最活躍的血管增生期,并可見明顯的VEGF表達,提示應激反應能夠誘發VEGF表達的上調,促進神經元功能的恢復[1213]。本研究顯示,與缺血、缺氧誘發認知功能障礙的模型大鼠相比,吸入七氟醚的認知功能障礙大鼠海馬組織及外周血VEGF水平上升,TNFα和IL1β水平下降,穿梭箱試驗中其電擊次數較少、主動逃避次數較多,水迷宮試驗中其學習和記憶潛伏期較短,提示七氟醚對改善缺血、缺氧誘發的認知功能障礙有一定的效果。
細胞凋亡是多階段且并非同步發生的進程。急性腦血管病可導致機體產生大量的自由基,并導致細胞內發生鈣超載,從而引發神經元細胞凋亡[14]。多項研究顯示,神經元缺血、缺氧后自由基明顯增多,其能持續開放線粒體的滲透性轉換孔,導致線粒體膜電位發生異常、細胞凋亡[15]。研究表明,大鼠的學習和記憶能力下降,與細胞超微結構如線粒體的腫脹和功能障礙密切相關[16]。另有研究顯示,強應激會導致海馬神經元的樹突棘發生退縮乃至消失[17]。七氟醚能夠拮抗缺血誘發的海馬神經元凋亡及減少神經元的鈣超載狀態[18]。本研究中,經七氟醚干預的認知功能障礙大鼠海馬組織神經元凋亡指數、鈣離子熒光指數、線粒體呼吸鏈復合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性均低于缺血、缺氧誘發認知功能障礙的模型大鼠,與假手術大鼠相近,提示七氟醚能夠緩解由于缺血、缺氧所誘發的線粒體功能失常,發揮神經元保護作用。
綜上所述,七氟醚能夠有效減輕缺血、缺氧誘發的認知功能障礙,該保護機制與提高VEGF水平、減少IL1β和TNFα釋放、減輕炎癥損傷有關。此外七氟醚還能夠減輕海馬神經元內炎性反應的程度,從而提高了線粒體內呼吸鏈酶復合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性,減輕了海馬神經元細胞凋亡,改善認知功能障礙。
參考文獻
[1]Vacas S, Degos V, Feng X, Maze MThe neuroinflammatory response of postoperative cognitive declineBr Med Bull,2013,106:161178
[2]van Harten AE, Scheeren TW, Absalom ARA review of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation associated with cardiac surgery and anaesthesiaAnaesthesia,2012,67(3):280293
[3]JevtovicTodorovic V, Absalom AR, Blomgren K, Brambrink A, Crosby G, Culley DJ, Fiskum G, Giffard RG, Herold KF, Loepke AW, Ma D, Orser BA, Planel E, Slikker W Jr, Soriano SG, Stratmann G, Vutskits L, Xie Z, Hemmings HC JrAnaesthetic neurotoxicity and neuroplasticity: an expert group report and statement based on the BJA Salzburg SeminarBr J Anaesth,2013,111(2):143151
[4]聞宗桂 川芎嗪干預大鼠缺血性中風作用及其機制的研究 北京中醫藥大學
[5]Li P, Min S, Wei K, Luo J,Hao XC, Liu L, Lv F Autophagy itself and/or its antineuroinflammation action in hippocampus attenuates postoperative cognitive decline in aged rats undergoing splenectomy Int J Clin Exp Med, 2016, 9(2): 15101519
[6]Craft S, Foster TC, Landfield PW, Maier SF, Resnick SM, Yaffe KSession Ⅲ: mechanisms of agerelated cognitive change and targets for intervention: inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic processesJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2012,67(7):754759
[7]Michaud M, Balardy L, Moulis G, Gaudin C, Peyrot C, Vellas B, Cesari M, Nourhashemi FProinflammatory cytokines, aging, and agerelated diseasesJ Am Med Dir Assoc,2013,14(12):877882
[8]Belarbi K, Jopson T, Tweedie D, Arellano C, Luo W, Greig NH, Rosi STNFα protein synthesis inhibitor restores neuronal function and reverses cognitive deficits induced by chronic neuroinflammationJ Neuroinflammation,2012,9:23
[9]Erba 瘙 塂O, Ta 瘙 塂 kran DSepsisinduced changes in behavioral stereotypy in rats; involvement of tumor necrosis factoralpha, oxidative stress, and dopamine turnoverJ Surg Res,2014,186(1):262268
[10]Qian XL, Zhang W, Liu MZ, Zhou YB, Zhang JM, Han L, Peng YM, Jiang JH, Wang QDDexmedetomidine improves early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged miceEur J Pharmacol,2015,746:206212
[11]Chen K, Wei P, Zheng Q, Zhou J, Li JNeuroprotective effects of intravenous lidocaine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients following spine surgeryMed Sci Monit,2015,21:14021407
[12]Tian Y, Guo S, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Zhao P, Zhao X Effects of hydrogenrich saline on hepatectomyinduced postoperative cognitive dysfunction in old mice Mol Neurobiol,2017,54(4):25792584
[13]Bi Y, Liu S, Yu X, Wu M, Wang YAdaptive and regulatory mechanisms in aged rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunctionNeural Regen Res,2014,9(5):534539
[14]Sun L, Xie K, Zhang C, Song R, Zhang HHyperbaric oxygen preconditioning attenuates postoperative cognitive impairment in aged ratsNeuroreport,2014,25(9):718724
[15]Zhang Z, Li X, Li F, An LBerberine alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by suppressing neuroinflammation in aged miceInt Immunopharmacol,2016,38:426433
[16]馬芹穎,王彥永,馬曉偉,王銘維 快速老化小鼠 SAMP8 的增齡性老化特征研究 新醫學, 2013, 44(6): 415419
[17]何云,楊群,許本柯 早期應激誘導神經元樹突棘形態結構重塑研究進展 新醫學, 2015, 46(5): 279282
[18]Bickler PE, Warren DE, Clark JP, Gabatto P, Gregersen M, Brosnan HAnesthetic protection of neurons injured by hypothermia and rewarming: roles of intracellular Ca2+ and excitotoxicity Anesthesiology, 2012,117(2):280292