張會寧 王嘉軍
[摘要] Th9細胞是CD4+T細胞新發現的分化細胞亞群,該細胞通過分泌白細胞介素-9(IL-9)參與機體的免疫應答。在類風濕關節炎、系統性紅斑狼瘡等自身免疫病患者血液和組織中Th9細胞比例和IL-9的含量會產生較大變化,表明其與自身免疫病的發生發展有著密切關系。本文就近幾年Th9細胞與常見自身免疫病相關性研究進展進行綜述。
[關鍵詞] Th9細胞;自身免疫病;類風濕關節炎;系統性紅斑狼瘡;白細胞介素-9
[中圖分類號] R392.12 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)10(a)-0048-04
Research progress on correlation between CD4+ new subsets of Th9 cells and common autoimmune diseases
ZHANG Huining1 ? WANG Jiajun2
1.Department of Nurse, An-Ning Sub-Hospital in 940th Hospital in Joint Logistic Support Force of the People′s Liberation Army of China, Gansu Province, Lanzhou ? 730070, China; 2.Teaching and Research Section of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hubei Minzu University, Hubei Province, Enshi ? 445000, China
[Abstract] Th9 cells are a newly discovered subset of differentiated CD4+T cells that participate in the body′s immune response by secreting interleukin-9 (IL-9). In patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, the proportion of Th9 cells and the content of IL-9 in the blood and tissues will change greatly, indicating that it is closely related to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. This paper reviews the research progress on the correlation between Th9 cells and common autoimmune diseases in recent years.
[Key words] Th9 cells; Autoimmune disease; Rheumatoid arthritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Interleukin-9
初始CD4+T細胞在樹突狀細胞(dendritic cells,DC)提呈的雙信號及細胞因子的作用下活化、增殖,而細胞因子微環境的差異決定其同時分化為不同效應的細胞亞群。CD4+T效應性細胞亞群有分泌干擾素(IFN)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)等為主的Th1,輔助B細胞活化的Th2,分泌白細胞介素(IL)-17、23誘導炎性反應的Th17,以及新近發現的Th9亞群。Th9細胞是IL-4和轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)共同誘導下激活的多種下游轉錄因子如富含嘌呤盒1(purine-rich box 1,PU.1)、干擾素調節因子4(interferon regulatory factor-4,IRF4)、轉錄信號轉導及活化因子6(signal transducer and activator of transcription-6,STAT6)后分化,分泌高濃度的IL-9作為主要效應分子新亞群[1-2]。近年研究發現,多種常見自身免疫病發生、發展及病情嚴重程度與Th9細胞密切相關[3]。現將Th9細胞的生物學特性及與自身免疫病相關性的研究進展綜述如下:
1 Th9細胞概述
2008年,兩個研究組[4-5]均發現在TGF-β和IL-4共同作用小鼠初始CD4+T細胞后誘導分化為可分泌IL-9、IL-10等,但不表達Th1細胞T-bet、Th2的GATA-3、Treg的Foxp3和Th17的RORγt等轉錄因子,卻表達PU.1和IRF4等轉錄因子的T細胞亞群,這種T細胞亞群被命名為“Th9”細胞。2010年有學者在過敏患者的外周血中發現了Th9細胞[6],隨后在正常和炎性皮膚中也相繼檢測出Th9細胞[7]。
2 誘導及抑制Th9細胞分化的細胞因子
IL-4和TGF-β是誘導初始CD4+T細胞分化為Th9細胞的主要調節因子。其中TGF-β可單獨誘導Th2細胞轉化為Th9細胞。動物實驗顯示[8],TGF-β受體Ⅱ基因缺陷小鼠即使給予IL-4和TGF-β刺激,其初始CD4+T細胞仍無法分化為Th9細胞,提示完整的TGF-β受體是促使初始CD4+T細胞分化為Th9細胞的關鍵分子。而缺乏IL-4時,IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-18和IL-33均可取代或替代IL-4的作用和TGF-β共同刺激誘導產生Th9細胞。IL-1β能促進該細胞分泌高濃度的IL-9[9]。此外,動物實驗提示,IL-21或IL-21受體缺陷型小鼠CD4+T細胞較野生型小鼠更易分化為Th9細胞[10]。IL-21抑制Th9細胞合成分泌IL-9。
3 調控Th9細胞信號通路與轉錄因子
3.1 TGF-β途徑和PU.1
TGF-β信號誘導轉錄因子PU.1表達,直接結合活化IL-9基因啟動子,是Th9細胞分化的唯一特異性轉錄因子[11]。PU.1對人和鼠Th9細胞生成IL-9有重要的調控作用,如初始CD4+T細胞PU.1缺陷,則很難分化為Th9,同時分泌IL-9降低[12]。Th9細胞中PU.1表達顯著高于Th2細胞[13],表明PU.1促使向Th9細胞轉化。
3.2 IL-4途徑和IRF4
IL-4-STAT6途徑激活IRF4基因,IRF4可以與IL-9基因啟動子結合進而促進IL-9表達,促使初始CD4+T細胞向Th9細胞亞群分化[14]。敲除或siRNA阻斷IRF4表達的CD4+T胞則無法分化為Th9細胞[15]。盡管IRF4對Th9細胞的分化作用重大[16],但它也參與Th2和Th17細胞的分化,并非是Th9特異性的轉錄因子[17]。
3.3 Notch協同Smad途徑
Smad與Notch胞內區域NICD1結合,在RBP-JK協同下與IL-9啟動子結合后開始轉錄并表達,從而誘導分化為Th9細胞,敲除Notch1和Notch2受體,Th9細胞分化明顯減弱[18]。
3.4 活化NF-κB的信號通路
OX40/OX40L和GITR/DTA-1信號通路:Th細胞上OX40(即CD134)與APC膜分子OX40L結合后[19]或初始CD4+T細胞的GITR與配體DTA-1結合后[20],均可通過激活TRAF6,向下激活NF-κB,啟動IL-9表達,誘導分化為Th9細胞。OX40/OX40L對IL-9表達具有選擇特異性,可抑制或沉默IL-4、IL-5等其他因子的表達[21]。
4 Th9細胞與自身免疫病
Th9細胞分泌IL-9,可促進Th17細胞分泌促炎因子IL-17、IFN-γ、IL-1和TNF,共同介導炎性反應,協同促進自身免疫病的發生、發展,參與這些疾病的病理過程。
4.1 類風濕關節炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)
Ciccia等[22]發現RA患者IL-9及受體、IL-4及TGF-β水平在滑膜組織中都升高,認為Th9可能參與了RA的發病機制。RA患者外周血單核細胞中Th9比例顯著高于對照組;中度活動和高度活動患者組Th9的表達率均高于對照組;且高度活動患者組血清中IL-9的表達率顯著高于中度活動組。IL-9表達的百分率與RA患者的紅細胞沉降率、關節壓痛數、關節腫脹數及類風濕因子呈正相關,這一結果提示Th9及IL-9參與RA的發病,且與病情程度有關,但具體機制仍需進一步研究[23]。
4.2 系統性紅斑狼瘡(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)
國外學者[24-25]發現狼瘡傾向MRL/lpr實驗小鼠B細胞增殖和自身抗體、Th9細胞分化以及IL-9的表達有一定相關性,同時發現SLE小鼠脾臟Th9細胞數目、血清IL-9和抗雙鏈DNA抗體濃度均顯著高于正常小鼠,提出Th9細胞可能是SLE誘因之一。Ouyang等[26]檢測結果顯示,SLE患者血清中IL-9含量和外周血中單核細胞IL-9mRNA表達均顯著高于正常組,活動期水平更高。SLE患者使用大劑量氫化考地松治療后,IL-9含量顯著降低,表明IL-9與SLE炎癥有關。另有研究顯示,褪黑素可有效抑制IL-9的表達,有助于SLE治療[27]。由此推斷,阻斷IL-9表達是治療SLE潛在的有效靶點[28]。
4.3 潰瘍性結腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)
研究發現UC活檢組織中IL-9水平、IL-9mRNA顯著增高,增高水平與UC嚴重程度呈正相關[29-30]。IL-9可誘導腸上皮細胞分泌炎癥介質,抑制細胞增殖,改變腸道黏膜屏障的通透性,損傷屏障作用,阻止黏膜傷口愈合。有結果顯示,IL-9可造成腸道正常菌群紊亂、阻止潰瘍愈合、增強炎癥進展[31]。此外,有研究報道,Th9細胞可誘導STAT6、IRF4和PU.1基因轉錄,且表達水平與UC炎癥呈正相關[32]。
4.4 銀屑?。≒soriasia)
動物實驗結果顯示,模型小鼠皮內注射IL-9,不僅CD4+T轉化為Th17細胞增加,而且局部炎癥增強,血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)和CD31分子表達增強。而注射抗IL-9抗體后,病變炎癥和血管增生減輕,既可延緩疾病發展,還能降低多種炎癥細胞造成的表皮增生和浸潤[33]。注射抗IL-17抗體,小鼠炎癥細胞中IL-9 mRNA及血中IL-9含量降低,IL-9誘導的炎癥和表皮增生緩解。臨床資料顯示,患者皮損局部IL-9R表達顯著高于正常組,推斷可能是IL-9誘導病變局部炎癥及血管增生,進一步加重患者皮膚損傷[34]。
4.5 實驗性自身免疫重癥肌無力(experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis,EAMG)
Yao等[35]在研究完全弗氏佐劑組(CFA組)和EAMG組兔子淋巴結中的單核細胞實驗時發現,早期時,兩組中Th9細胞無顯著性差異。但晚期時,EAMG組Th9細胞百分比較對照組明顯增高。提取單核巨噬細胞(M?拚)總RNA,實時定量PCR結果顯示,CFA組PU.1mRNA表達較EAMG組顯著降低。EAMG組病情發展以AchR表達顯著降低為特征,使用IL-9-Ab可有效抑制體液免疫應答,降低抗乙酰膽堿受體抗體(AchR-Ab)的合成分泌,從而減少或阻斷抗AchR-Ab與特異性乙酰膽堿受體(AchR)結合,緩解EAMG癥狀,產生保護作用.
4.6 橋本甲狀腺炎(hashimoto thyroiditis,HT)
HT患者外周血中Th9細胞百分比、PU.1mRNA表達及IL-9含量均較對照組顯著升高,且與甲狀腺特異性自身抗體含量呈正相關,提示Th9細胞可能與HT發生發展有關[36]。
4.7 實驗性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune cerebrospinal meningitis,EAE)
移植使用髓鞘少突膠質糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)體外誘導分化的Th9細胞可過繼誘發受試小鼠表現EAE,表明Th9細胞可引起中樞神經炎癥。有學者發現EAE中IL-9R表達增加,IL-9誘導星形膠質細胞高表達趨化因子CCL20,促使Th17細胞在神經系統聚集產生免疫作用。Th9和IL-9在EAE的發生發展中發揮重要作用[37]。通過抑制IL-9的作用,EAE病情得到改善。應用抗IL-9McAb,阻斷IL-9和IL-9R的結合,有效抑制IL-9誘導的炎癥。既可預防EAE的發生,又能減輕EAE病情。此外,有報道提示[38],抗IL-9McAb可能通過顯著降低特異性CD4+T細胞促發炎癥細胞亞群如Th1、Th9和Th17細胞在小鼠脊髓中的浸潤和脫髓鞘,大大降低EAE發病率。
5 展望
CD4+T細胞常在TGF-β和IL-4共同作用下誘導分化為Th9細胞,是受多種因素影響的新型T細胞亞群。Th9細胞通過分泌IL-9等細胞因子參與自身免疫病、腫瘤、炎癥性疾病等多種疾病的發生發展。深入研究Th9細胞的生物學功能和自身免疫病的關系,既可更好地理解自身免疫疾病發病的機制,還能為疾病的治療、預防尋找適當的新靶點。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-15 ?本文編輯:顧家毓)