柳鵬程 顧佳慧 白銘鈺 董雅琦 林佳兒 林夕涵 吳文思 彭楠 邵蓉 姚文兵
摘 要 目的:為我國醫保預算影響分析(BIA)研究的開展提供經驗借鑒。方法:在PubMed、ProQuest、中國知網、萬方和中國生物醫學文獻服務系統等數據庫中檢索建庫至今的中美兩國關于醫保BIA研究的相關文獻,對其基本信息、分析結果和數據來源等內容進行歸納和整理,并基于模型設計、研究角度、治療成本、參考情景、目標人群、研究時限及貼現/通貨膨脹、敏感性分析這7個關鍵要素對納入文獻進行描述性分析。結果:本研究共納入72篇文獻,其中中國研究24項(33.33%),美國地區研究48項(66.67%);適應證為慢性病的相關研究有45項(62.50%),急性病的相關研究有21項(37.50%);研究方法上,單獨使用BIA的有49項(68.06%),聯用BIA和藥物經濟學評價的有23項(31.94%);模型設計方面,有 50項(69.44%)研究采用了成本計算模型;研究角度方面,有60項(83.33%)研究基于醫保部門研究視角;治療成本的計算中,有69項(95.84%)研究包含了藥品費用;參考情景方面,有61項(84.72%)研究對比了以藥物為主的不同治療組合的經濟性;目標人群方面,僅有31項(43.06%)研究采用了真實世界數據;研究時限及貼現/通貨膨脹方面,有14項(19.44%)研究使用治療療程或住院時長表示研究時限,19項(26.39%)研究使用了貼現率或通貨膨脹率調整成本;敏感性分析方面,有62項(86.11%)研究做了敏感性分析,其中 49項(68.06%)研究采用了單因素敏感性分析。結論:中美兩國醫保BIA研究文獻尚存在數據使用不合理、成本范圍涵蓋不全和敏感性分析因變量變化范圍不合理等局限。建議BIA研究應規范數據來源,提高預算證據質量;合理評估市場規模,提高預測真實性;科學設置變量和變化范圍,提升結果穩健性;建立BIA研究范式或評級標準,科學指導BIA研究。
關鍵詞 醫保預算影響分析;醫療費用;中國;美國;文獻研究;質量評估;藥物經濟學
Quality Evaluation of the Literatures about Medical Insurance Budget Impact Analysis in China and the United States
LIU Pengcheng,GU Jiahui,BAI Mingyu,DONG Yaqi,LIN Jiaer,LIN Xihan,WU Wensi,PENG Nan,SHAO Rong,YAO Wenbing(National Center for Pharmaceutical Policy and Pharmaceutical Industry Economy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To provide experience and reference for the study of medical insurance budget impact analysis (BIA) in China. METHODS: Retrieved from PubMed, ProQuest, CNKI, Wanfang database and CBM, related literatures about medical insurance BIA research in China and the United States were collected since the establishment of the database. The basic information, analysis results and data sources were summarized and sorted out, and descriptive analysis of the included literature was carried out on basis of seven key elements such as model design, research perspective, treatment cost, reference scenario, target population, research time limit and discount/inflation, sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: A total of 72 literatures were included in this study, involving 24 (33.33%) studies in China, 48 (66.67%) studies in the United States; the indications of 45 studies were chronic diseases (62.50%), and those of 21 studies were acute diseases (37.50%). Among the research methods, 49 studies (68.06%) used BIA alone and 23 studies (31.94%) adopted BIA combined with pharmaceutical economics. In terms of model design, 50 studies (69.44%) adopted cost calculation models. In terms of research perspective, 60 studies (81.94%) were based on the perspective of medical insurance department research. In the calculation of treatment cost, 69 studies (95.84%) included drug cost. In terms of reference scenarios, 61 studies (84.72%) compared the economics of different drug-based treatment groups. For target population, only 31 (43.06%) studies used real world data. In terms of research duration and discount/inflation, 14 studies (19.44%) used treatment or length of hospitalization to indicate research duration, and 19 studies (26.39%) used discount rate or inflation rate to adjust costs. As for sensitivity analysis, 62 studies (86.11%) conducted sensitivity analysis, of which 49 (68.06%) used single factor sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There are still some limitations in medical insurance BIA research literature in China and the United States, such as unreasonable use of data, incomplete coverage of the cost, and unreasonable setting of sensitivity analysis variables. It is recommended that BIA research should standardize data sources to improve the quality of budget evidence quality, reasonably evaluate market size to improve the authenticity of prediction, scientifically set variables and their scope of change to improve the stability of results, establish BIA research paradigms or evaluating standards so as to guide BIA research scientifically.
KEYWORDS Medical insurance budget impact analysis; Medical costs; China; United States; Literature research; Quality evaluation; Pharmacoeconomics
21世紀以來,隨著社會年齡結構的變化,我國老齡化趨勢進一步加深,2017 年我國60周歲及以上老年人口已高達2.41億,占總人口的17.3%[1]。同時,經濟的快速發展、醫療技術水平的不斷提升,又進一步推高了群眾對于醫藥衛生資源的需求,使得個人醫療費用支出和國家醫保基金都面臨極大壓力。因此,探索評估藥物經濟性的正確方式,以遏制醫藥費用的快速增長,對保障人民的用藥需求具有重要意義。
當前,國際社會主要使用藥物經濟學評價(Pharmaceutical economics,PE)和醫保預算影響分析(Budget impact analysis,BIA)來評估藥物的經濟性。PE評價的結果通常指向個體藥物或治療方案間成本-效益的比較;而BIA是從預算持有人角度出發,在有限醫療資源約束的前提下,分析將一種健康干預措施納入或排除在某一醫療系統所產生的經濟后果[2]。相對而言,BIA可用于預測一種治療方案的變化對醫療總費用的影響,對于保障有限預算的可支付性和長期穩定性起著重要作用,因此越來越受到各國衛生決策部門的重視。
我國醫保BIA研究起步較晚,研究質量參差不齊。而美國作為全球較早開展預算影響評估的國家之一,其研究數量與質量均位于全球前列。因此,本研究選擇中美兩國醫保BIA的相關研究文獻進行質量評估,分析其文獻研究的規范性,為我國醫保BIA研究提供經驗借鑒。
1 資料與方法
1.1 資料來源與納排標準
檢索PubMed、ProQuest、中國知網、萬方和中國生物醫學文獻服務系統等數據庫中中美兩國的醫保BIA相關文獻。中文關鍵詞為“醫保”“預算影響分析“預算影響模型”,英文關鍵詞為“Medical insurance”“Budget impact analysis”“Budget impact model”。
納入標準:(1)發表時間為建庫至2018年5月;(2)語種為中文和英文。排除標準:(1)學位論文、會議文獻;(2)綜述;(3)投稿通知、報紙;(4)無法獲取的文獻;(5)重復發表的文獻;(6)非中英文文獻;(7)非中美醫藥領域的研究。
1.2 資料提取
對納入文獻的基本信息、分析結果和數據來源等內容進行歸納和整理,并基于BIA關鍵要素對文獻質量進行描述性分析。提取資料內容主要包括納入研究的基本信息、BIA相關信息、BIA 數據來源、研究局限性等。資料提取內容要點詳見表1。
1.3 文獻質量評估要點
科學設計BIA分析框架是評估醫保基金運營穩定性的基本前提。基于國際藥物經濟學與結果研究協會(International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research,ISPOR)和加拿大、美國、愛爾蘭等國家或地區[3-12]現有的BIA指南和其他已公開發布的方法學研究,本課題組歸納總結了BIA設計中的7個關鍵要素,即使用分析框架來研究BIA時,必須考慮以下7個因素:模型設計、研究角度、治療成本、參考情景、目標人群、研究時限及貼現/通貨膨脹、敏感性分析[12]。
1.3.1 模型設計 BIA基本原理是計算某項特定醫療措施或藥品納入預算持有人采購計劃前、后的資金支出差額。通過BIA最終結果的正負情況可以反映納入某項特定醫療措施或藥品對預算持有人具體資金支出的影響,從而可以幫助預算持有人更好地作出是否納入該項醫療措施或藥品的決定,以維持有限預算的平穩運行,促進衛生資源合理分配。
BIA可基于不同疾病特征采用靜態建模或者動態建模的方法。靜態模型可以是一個編寫在Excel等電子表格中的成本計算模型或者簡單的決策樹模型,適用于病程較短的急性病或者病情不太復雜的疾病。其中,成本計算模型是BIA類文章的基本模型,也是應用最為廣泛的模型。動態模型可采用Markov模型和離散事件模擬來計算,適用于病情延續時間長、病情反復或頻繁變化的慢性疾病的模擬[13]。Markov模型考慮了患者治療方案的選擇變化以及每個疾病狀態在一定時間內的轉變概率[14];而離散事件模擬則不需要固定的狀態和周期,比Markov模型更加靈活,但缺乏與模型相適應的數據[15]。
1.3.2 研究角度 BIA研究應基于預算持有人的角度,其最終是為了預測將某種醫療措施納入或排除采購計劃對醫療費用可能的經濟影響[16],從而為調整藥品目錄和制定實際支付價提供重要參考依據。預算持有人包括了醫保基金管理方和有資金約束的醫療機構等,BIA研究需要靈活地適應各個變量的變化,基于具體情形給出科學合理的預算估計。
1.3.3 治療成本 納入BIA的治療成本應為從預算持有人角度出發的、在預算報銷范圍內的、患者自身產生的直接醫療費用。其多指在疾病檢查、診斷和治療過程中所產生的費用,包括藥物成本、特定疾病的檢查費用以及因疾病進展帶來的手術、醫療器械等外科介入的費用;在正常治療情況下產生的不良反應和并發癥等相關疾病的治療費用也應納入其中。治療成本的選取應基于不同的研究角度,根據實際情況具體考量。
1.3.4 參考情景 BIA通過比較參考情景和新藥情景的支出差額,以評估在研究時限內有限預算的年度增量成本,其內容應包括參考情景的選取和市場規模的預估兩大部分。新藥情景考察的是將某項醫療措施納入醫保目錄后對醫保基金的影響;參考情景則考量該項醫療措施未納入醫保目錄時,使用它的替代療法或互補療法對于醫保基金的影響。納入醫保目錄研究應對兩大情景相關假設提供清晰的描述,并提供作出這些假設的依據。參考情景可通過查詢特定適應證的診斷指南或醫務人員提供的臨床實際使用情況獲取。兩大情景的市場規模預估須參考診療方案當前的市場規模、患者對該方案的依從性以及新藥對于現有藥物的替代或互補效應等因素。
3.1.2 成本衡量涵蓋不全 雖然BIA應該只考慮對預算持有人產生影響的直接醫療成本,不考慮治療間接成本(如患者與陪護人員因病不能正常工作)和隱性成本(如患者帶來的痛苦和生活不便),但是在本次納入評估的研究中,部分研究未考慮不良反應、并發癥和其他醫療服務費用,如未衡量不良反應產生的其他治療費用和用藥劑量的調整對整體費用的影響,未考慮基礎疾病的治療和預后所產生的費用;部分研究未測算藥物治療失敗等情形產生的額外治療費用;多數研究未按照疾病嚴重程度選擇不同的治療方案,分析結果缺乏真實性。
3.1.3 敏感性分析因變量變化范圍設置不盡合理 部分研究未考慮敏感性分析或敏感性分析計算要素不全;部分研究在實際計算中納入敏感性分析的要素使用統一的變化范圍,無法反映實際情況;多數研究未指明因變量的變動范圍依據,導致敏感性分析結果缺乏科學性,不具說服力。
3.2 對今后研究的建議
3.2.1 規范數據來源,提高預算證據質量 針對本次質量評估中出現的數據缺乏或替換、簡化假設和預測不準確的問題,建議文獻中所有數據均需標明明確的數據來源,以保持數據的可追溯性。在計算過程中,應優先考慮真實世界數據,同時可參考相似藥物在同一市場或是同一藥物在相似市場的相關資料;其次,建議使用已公開發表的文獻資料,以保證不同主體提交的預測中數據結果的一致性。在上述數據不可得的情況下,才可通過德爾菲法、專家訪談和問卷調查等形式進行估算。
3.2.2 合理評估市場規模,提高預測真實性 本次納入的多數文獻未對研究市場規模預測的詳細方法進行說明,降低了評估結果的科學性。市場規模的預測分為兩大部分:一是對于市場份額的預估,二是對于市場增長率的預估。對于市場份額的預估應優先通過企業年終總結、相關機構的市場調查報告或是醫院及醫保部門數據庫等的資料得出;對于市場增長率的預估應結合目標藥物歷年來的銷售走向和市場需求變化綜合分析[90]。若新藥納入采購計劃對相關藥物市場規模無影響或影響甚微,則目標人群的估計可以只考慮人口預測的增長;若引入新藥會對相關藥物市場規模產生顯著影響,則市場份額的變化需從人口的預測增長和新藥預測的影響兩個方面進行考慮。
3.2.3 科學設置變量和變化范圍,提升結果穩健性 BIA結果的不確定性主要來源于BIA模型框架的設定和計算過程中參數值的選取。而模型框架的不確定性取決于新干預措施的可及性和使用限制導致的預期治療方案的變化;參數值的不確定性取決于對當前和新的干預措施預估的有效性。
對計算過程中的因變量常采用敏感性分析和情景分析進行檢驗。其中,敏感性分析包括單因素敏感性分析、多因素敏感性分析和極值分析。因變量應選取對于特定治療方案成本影響較大的因素,如目標人群、藥物成本和市場規模等。不同因變量對于結果的影響權重不同,故不建議使用統一的通用范圍,其具體變化范圍應通過真實情況、既往文獻或是專家意見等途徑得出,以增強敏感性分析結果的真實性。
3.2.4 建立BIA研究范式或評級標準,科學指導BIA研究 我國BIA尚未建立系統化的研究體系,因此獨立的研究機構的建設和跨學科背景專業人員的培養于我國BIA的規范化開展意義重大。同時,還應著手建立結合我國實際情況的公開的BIA指南和質量評價量表,不僅要對本研究中提出的常見7個BIA要素進行詳細規定,同時還應對超說明書用藥、貼現率的取舍等問題作出明確的指示[91],為此類研究提供科學合理的方法學指導。
3.3 本研究的不足之處
(1)樣本量不足:本研究所選取的BIA文獻基于特定數據庫產生,可能存在選擇性偏倚;(2)文獻質量評估要點即7個要素是基于部分國家成熟的BIA指南和方法論進行選取的,可能無法涵蓋BIA的所有關鍵要素。
4 結語
BIA是完整的藥物經濟學評價的重要組成部分,它能評估短期內、特定情境下新藥引入后的經濟學影響,受到決策者的廣泛關注。因此,為完善我國藥物經濟性評估方法,不僅需從制度上保障BIA方法的實施,鼓勵衛生決策者將其作為我國新藥申報、醫保準入和藥品價格談判過程中的重要參考資料,彌補傳統藥物經濟學評價方法缺乏從整體上統籌醫保基金運行的問題,還需深入推進BIA相關研究,建立公開、規范化的評價量表,提高BIA在決策參考中的證據強度。
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(收稿日期:2019-01-21 修回日期:2019-05-15)
(編輯:孫 冰)