王美華 王甲 韓丹
[摘要] 目的 探究小檗堿對氧糖剝奪/復氧(OGD/R)誘導大鼠體外血腦屏障損傷的保護作用及其機制。 方法 將原代培養的大鼠腦微血管內皮細胞(rBMECs)分為對照組、模型組、小檗堿給藥組。對照組加入新鮮培養基;模型組和小檗堿給藥組給予不同濃度(0、1、3、10、30、100 μmol/L)的小檗堿預孵24 h后更換低糖培養基并將其放在不含氧氣的三氣培養箱中(95%N2/5%CO2)培養2 h(氧糖剝奪,OGD),之后換成新鮮培養基,置于37℃、5%CO2培養箱內繼續培養2 h(復氧,R)。利用MTT法檢測細胞存活率,跨膜電阻法測定細胞緊密連接程度,Western blot法檢測緊密連接蛋白ZO-1、occludin以及核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)的蛋白表達量,ELISA法檢測炎性因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量。 結果 與對照組比較,模型組rBMECs細胞存活率、ZO-1表達量、occludin表達量顯著降低,跨膜電阻值呈下降趨勢,NF-κB p65表達量及IL-1β、TNF-α含量顯著升高,差異均有高度統計學意義(均P < 0.01);與模型組比較,小檗堿給藥組rBMECs細胞存活率不同程度提高,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組ZO-1表達量、occludin表達量顯著升高,跨膜電阻值顯著提高,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),同時NF-κB p65表達量及IL-1β、TNF-α含量顯著降低,差異均有高度統計學意義(均P < 0.01)。結論 小檗堿通過抑制NF-κB入核、降低炎性因子釋放量、改善OGD/R誘導的rBMECs的損傷,發揮對OGD/R損傷的血腦屏障保護作用。
[關鍵詞] 小檗堿;血腦屏障;核因子-κB p65;炎癥
[中圖分類號] R285.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)03(c)-0016-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the protective effect of berberine on oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced blood-brain barrier injury in vitro in rats and its mechanism. Methods Primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMECs) were divided into the control group, the model group and the berberine administration group. Fresh medium was added to the control group. The model group and the berberine administration group were preincubated with berberine at different concentrations (0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μmol/L) for 24 h, then the low glucose medium was replaced and the culture medium was placed in a three-gas incubator without oxygen (95%N2/5%CO2) for 2 h (oxygen glucose deprivation, OGD). then replaced with fresh medium, at 37℃ and 5%CO2 incubator continue to develop 2 h (Reoxygenation, R). Cell survival was determined by MTT assay, cell tightness was determined by transendothelial electrical resistance, protein expression levels of tight junction protein ZO-1, occludin and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) were detected by Western blot assay, and levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected by ELISA assay. Results Compared with the the control group, rBMECs cell survival rate, ZO-1 expression level and occludin expression level in the model group were significantly reduced, transendothelial electrical resistance showed a decreasing trend, and NF-κB p65 expression level, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were significantly increased in the model group, the differences were highly statistically significant (all P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the survival rate of rBMECs cells in the berberine administration group increased to different degrees, the ZO-1 expression, occludin expression, the transmembrane electrical resistance increased significantly in the berberine 10 and 30 μmol/L concentration groups, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the NF-κB p65 expression and the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the berberine 10 and 30 μmol/L concentration groups, the differences were highly statistically significant (all P < 0.01). Conclusion Berberine plays a protective role of blood brain barrier on OGD/R injury by inhibiting NF-κB entry into the nucleus, reducing the release of inflammatory factors, and improving the damage of OGD/R-induced rBMECs.
[Key words] Berberine; Blood-brain barrier; Nuclear factor-κB p65; Inflammation
腦卒中是全球主要致死疾病之一,其中80%~85%的患者是缺血性腦卒中[1-2]。迄今為止,建立早期再灌注是唯一被認可的有效治療缺血性腦卒中的方法。然而缺血再灌注會導致血腦屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)損傷[3],引發繼發性的腦損傷,包括腦水腫、神經功能障礙,甚至腦梗死[4-5]。因此,改善BBB損傷有望成為防治缺血性腦卒中的治療方法。
小檗堿是一種中藥黃連衍生的異喹啉生物堿,具有廣泛的藥理作用[6-8],然而,小檗堿對腦缺血再灌注損傷后BBB的保護作用及其機制尚不清楚。本研究擬探究小檗堿對氧糖剝奪/復氧(OGD/R)損傷的大鼠腦微血管內皮細胞的保護作用及其可能的機制,為臨床防治缺血性腦卒中提供新思路。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
occludin、ZO-1、核因子-κB(NF-κB)抗體IgG購自Santa Cruz公司(批號:K-2712、B-2513、J-1612);腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-1β(IL-1β)ELISA試劑盒購自南京建成生物工程研究所(批號:E-20219、E-20212)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 大鼠腦微血管內皮細胞的原代培養方法? 原代培養大鼠腦微血管內皮細胞(rat brain microvessel endothelial cells,rBMECs),方法參照文獻[9]。接種后靜置培養,待細胞長成致密單層,細胞呈長梭型。
1.2.2 MTT法檢測小檗堿對OGD/R誘導的rBMECs損傷細胞存活率影響? 將rBMECs分為對照組、模型組、小檗堿給藥組(1、3、10、30、100 μmol/L)。對照組加入新鮮DMEM-F12培養基;模型組和小檗堿給藥組給予不同濃度(0、1、3、10、30、100 μmol/L)的小檗堿預孵24 h后換為DMEM低糖培養基,并把培養板放在不含有氧氣的三氣培養箱中(95%N2/5%CO2)培養2 h(氧糖剝奪,OGD),之后換成DMEM-F12培養基,置37℃、5%CO2培養箱內繼續培養2 h(復氧,R)。除去培養板內的培養基,加入無血清培養基和MTT溶液(5 mg/mL),孵育4 h。棄掉含MTT的培養基之后,加入DMSO液,在酶標儀570 nm處測定各孔的OD值,以實驗組OD值/對照組OD值反映細胞的存活情況。
1.2.3 跨膜電阻法檢測小檗堿對OGD/R誘導的損傷后rBMECs緊密連接程度的影響? 在Transwell小室內接種細胞測定跨膜電阻值(TEER),TEER趨于穩定說明rBMECs在Transwell孔底形成單層屏障。在TEER不再增長之后按照上述預孵給藥及造模條件處理細胞,以測試點TEER/造模起始點TEER表示細胞緊密連接程度。
1.2.4 Western blot法檢測小檗堿對核NF-κB p65、ZO-1、occludin表達水平的影響? 經上述預孵給藥及造模處理后,收集細胞并裂解,12000 g、4℃離心15 min,收集上清液。BCA法測定蛋白濃度后,制備12%分離膠、5%濃縮膠進行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉膜。BSA封閉后,抗體孵育。接下來ECL顯色,Image J軟件進行定量分析。
1.2.5 ELISA法測定IL-1β、TNF-α的釋放含量? 經上述預孵給藥和造模處理后,吸取培養基,3000 g離心10 min,取上清液,按照說明書操作,測定IL-1β、TNF-α含量。
1.3 統計學方法
采用SPSS 20.0對所得數據進行統計學分析,計量資料采用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較用Bonferroni檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 小檗堿對大鼠腦微血管內皮細胞存活率影響
與對照組比較,模型組細胞存活率顯著降低,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。與模型組比較,小檗堿給藥組細胞存活率不同程度提高,其中小檗堿3、10、30、100 μmol/L濃度組細胞存活率顯著提高,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。見圖1。
2.2小檗堿對大鼠腦微血管內皮細胞緊密連接程度的影響
與對照組比較,造模5 h后,模型組TEER有所降低;與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組TEER不同程度的提高。在造模10 h后,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組提高TEER的趨勢呈現穩定狀態。見圖2。
2.3 小檗堿對緊密連接蛋白ZO-1、occludin蛋白表達水平的影響
與對照組比較,模型組ZO-1蛋白表達水平顯著降低,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組ZO-1蛋白水平顯著提高,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖3A。與對照組比較,模型組occludin蛋白表達水平顯著降低,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組occludin蛋白水平顯著提高,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖3B。
2.4 小檗堿對 NF-κB p65入核水平的影響
與對照組比較,模型組的NF-κB p65表達水平顯著升高,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組NF-κB p65入核水平不同程度降低,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖4。
2.5 小檗堿對腦微血管內皮細胞釋放炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β水平的影響
與對照組比較,模型組細胞上清液中TNF-α含量顯著升高,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組細胞上清液中TNF-α含量顯著降低,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖5A。與對照組比較,模型組細胞上清液中IL-1β含量顯著提高,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01);與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組細胞上清液中IL-1β水平顯著降低,差異有高度統計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖5B。
3 討論
隨著我國老齡化人口增加以及人們生活水平的提高,缺血性腦卒中患者的人數持續增長。BBB對腦組織內環境穩態的維持起著重要作用[10-11],腦微血管內皮細胞在此過程中尤為重要[12-13]。本研究采用OGD/R體外誘導rBMECs損傷模型模擬腦缺血/再灌注導致的BBB損傷[14],探究小檗堿對缺血性腦卒中/溶栓后BBB的保護作用。
本研究結果顯示小檗堿給藥組能提高OGD/R損傷的rBMECs細胞存活率,選取其中效果較好的小檗堿10 μmol/L以及30 μmol/L濃度組進行后續實驗,實驗數據進一步提示,與模型組比較,小檗堿10、30 μmol/L濃度組可提高TEER。腦微血管內皮細胞和其他內皮細胞的區別在于它能夠特異性表達緊密連接蛋白[15]。本實驗結果顯示小檗堿顯著性上調緊密連接蛋白ZO-1、occludin表達量,以上結果揭示小檗堿對OGD/R損傷的體外BBB具有保護作用。
缺血/再灌注損傷會導致炎性反應,NF-κB信號通路介導的炎性反應在腦損傷過程中起著至關重要的作用[16-17]。在靜息細胞的胞質中,NF-κB p65位于胞漿中;當細胞受到外界刺激時可導致NF-κB p65轉位至細胞核。NF-κB p65入核后促使炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β等的轉錄,這一過程在腦缺血中起著破壞性的作用[18-20]。本研究結果提示小檗堿給藥組顯著性抑制NF-κB p65入核,并降低炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β釋放量。
綜上所述,本研究采用OGD/R誘導的rBMECs損傷模型探究小檗堿對體外BBB的保護作用。實驗結果顯示,小檗堿通過抑制NF-κB入核、降低炎性因子釋放量、改善OGD/R誘導的rBMECs的損傷,發揮對OGD/R損傷的BBB保護作用。因缺乏體內實驗的驗證,本研究結果具有一定局限性,但是本研究為小檗堿的進一步開發以及抗缺血性腦卒中藥物的研發提供依據。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-25? 本文編輯:顧家毓)