我國入托入學(xué)兒童預(yù)防接種證查驗工作與進展

陳永陽

[摘要] 對入托入學(xué)兒童開展預(yù)防接種證查驗工作，是衛(wèi)生和教育部門的法定職責(zé)，旨在提高免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率，預(yù)防傳染病在校園內(nèi)流行。自2006年開展入托入學(xué)兒童預(yù)防接種證查驗工作以來，我國接種證查驗工作質(zhì)量逐年提高，學(xué)齡前兒童免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率得到提升，學(xué)校傳染病發(fā)病率下降顯著，但部分地區(qū)工作制度和措施不完善，局部地區(qū)補種率偏低，免疫規(guī)劃疫苗針對疾病仍在學(xué)校時有發(fā)生。為探討適宜的查驗方法，提高查驗效果，該文對我國入托入學(xué)兒童預(yù)防接種證查驗情況進行綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 兒童;入托;入學(xué);接種證;查驗

[中圖分類號] R186 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1672-5654（2020）02（c）-0192-05

[Abstract] It is a statutory duty of the health and education departments to carry out the inspection of immunization certificates for enrolled children. It aims to increase the immunization plan vaccination rate and prevent the spread of infectious diseases on campus. Since the inspection of vaccination certificates for children enrolled in school in 2006， the quality of China's vaccination certificate inspections has been improving year by year， the vaccination rate of preschool children's immunization programs has increased， and the incidence of infectious diseases in schools has dropped significantly. But the working system and measures were incomplete， and the rate of replanting is low in some areas. The vaccine against the disease still occurs in schools. In order to discuss the appropriate inspection methods and improve the inspection results， the inspection situation of vaccination certificates for children enrolled in school in China is reviewed.

[Key words] Children; A child in a nuusery; Start schoot Vaccination certificate; Inspection; Research

預(yù)防接種證查驗工作作為常規(guī)免疫查漏補種的重要形式，有效提高兒童接種機會，維持高水平接種率，是預(yù)防和控制可免疫性傳染病在學(xué)校流行的重要手段[1]。雖然各地查驗的流程、方式都基本一致，但效果不一。為提高接種證查驗效果，該文進行了接種證查驗工作情況回顧。現(xiàn)報道如下。

1? 預(yù)防接種概述

1.1? 預(yù)防接種的概念

隨著病原微生物學(xué)和免疫學(xué)的發(fā)展，預(yù)防接種成為阻斷疾病傳播，維護生命健康，保證國家和地區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的一項重要策略。預(yù)防接種的內(nèi)涵在不同時期略有不同，但對健康人群或?qū)Ρ┞度巳航臃N疫苗類預(yù)防性生物制品，使其在不發(fā)病的情況下獲得特異性免疫[2]的基本概念未發(fā)生改變。預(yù)防接種形式有：適齡兒童計劃免疫接種、特殊人群的常規(guī)接種和應(yīng)急接種、暴露人群免疫血清類制品的臨床治療和免疫預(yù)防、用于現(xiàn)場試驗診斷等。……