楊曉明 陳上卿 蔣曉玲



【摘要】 目的:對擬輸血患者用微柱凝膠法篩檢不規則抗體檢出及分布情況進行分析。方法:選取14 273例擬輸血患者作為研究對象,均采用微柱凝膠法篩檢不規則抗體,其中,陽性患者均采用譜細胞進行抗體的特異性分析。結果:14 273例患者中,檢出97例患者存在不規則抗體,陽性檢出率0.68%(97/14 273)。其中,MNS系統中共有17例患者,占比17.53%(17/97);Rh系統中共有54例患者系統中共有54例患者,占比55.67%(54/97)。免疫球蛋白M(IgM)類中有23例患者,占比23.71%(23/97);免疫球蛋白G(IgG)中有63例患者,占比64.95%(63/97);IgM+IgG有11例患者,占比11.34(11/97)。14 273例患者中,篩查4 281例男性,19例陽性,陽性率為0.44%(19/4 281);篩查9 992例女性,78例陽性,陽性率0.78%(78/9 992),女性不規則抗體陽性檢出率高于男性,差異有統計學意義(字2=5.037,P<0.05)。85例有輸血/妊娠史患者,陽性檢出率0.95%(85/8 965),12例無輸血/妊娠史患者,陽性檢出率為0.24%(12/5 308),有輸血/妊娠史患者規則抗體陽性檢出率相高于無輸血/妊娠史患者,差異有統計學意義(字2=25.752,P<0.05)。不規則抗體陽性患者臨床科室分布,血液內科占比最高,陽性檢出率為5.20%(15/290),其次為腎臟風濕科,陽性檢出率為2.80%(10/360)。結論:抗體篩查陽性的不規則抗體性質以同種免疫產生IgG抗體為主,最常見為Rh系統抗體,其中以抗-E最多;有輸血史和妊娠史的患者檢出率更高;女性檢出率高于男性;血液內科、腎臟風濕科的患者檢出率較高。應對擬輸血的患者進行不規則抗體篩選,從而有助于降低患者溶血性輸血反應及預防新生兒溶血病,提高輸血有效性安全性和保障母嬰安全。
【關鍵詞】 輸血安全 不規則抗體 微柱凝膠法
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.27.067 文獻標識碼 B 文章編號 1674-6805(2020)27-0-04
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the detection and distribution of irregular antibody in blood transfusion patients by microcolumn gel method. Method: A total of 14 273 patients with blood transfusion were selected as the research objects. The irregular antibody were screened by microcolumn gel method. Spectral cells were used to analyze the specificity of antibody in all positive patients. Result: Among the 14 273 patients, 97 patients had irregular antibody, and the positive detection rate was 0.68% (97/14 273). Among them, there were 17 patients in MNS system, accounting for 17.53% (17/97). There were 54 patients in Rh system, accounting for 55.67% (54/97). There were 23 patients with immunoglobulin M (IgM), accounting for 23.71% (23/97). There were 63 patients with immunoglobulin G (IgG), accounting for 64.95% (63/97). There were 11 patients with IgM+IgG, accounting for 11.34 (11/97). Among the 14 273 patients, 4 281 males were screened, 19 were positive, the positive detection rate was 0.44% (19/4 281). Among the 9 992 female screened, 78 were positive, the positive detection rate was 0.78% (78/9 992). The positive detection rate of irregular antibody in female was higher than that in male, and the difference was statistically significant (字2=5.037, P<0.05). A total of 85 patients with blood transfusion/pregnancy history, the positive detection rate was 0.95% (85/8 965), 12 patients without blood transfusion/pregnancy history, the positive detection rate was 0.24% (12/5 308). The positive detection rate of regular antibody in patients with blood transfusion/pregnancy history was higher than that in patients without blood transfusion/pregnancy history, and the difference was statistically significant (字2=25.752, P<0.05). Distribution of clinical departments of irregular antibody positive patients: hematology department accounted for the highest proportion, the positive detection rate was 5.20% (15/290), followed by renal rheumatism department, the positive detection rate was 2.80% (10/360). Conclusion: Antibody screening positive irregular antibody nature of IgG antibody, the most common is the Rh system antibody, of which anti-E is the most. Patients with a history of blood transfusion and pregnancy has higher detection rates. Female detection rate is higher than male. The detection rate of patients with hematology and renal rheumatism department is higher. Irregular antibody screening should be carried out for patients to be transfused, so as to help reduce hemolytic transfusion reaction of patients and prevent hemolytic disease of newborn, improve the efficacy and safety of blood transfusion and ensure the safety of mother and child.
Rh系統外檢出抗體最常見的是抗-M,檢出15例,占15.46%。抗-M多為IgM性質,可天然產生,在室溫鑒定抗體時常發生凝集反應,而在37 ℃常無反應,一般不引起溶血性輸血反應,但本次研究發現有5例同時含有IgM和IgG性質的抗體,經調查這5例患者輸血史發現均在2~5個月前有輸注過紅細胞3~8單位,而之前不規則抗體篩查均陰性,因此可判定是近期隨機輸入M抗原陽性的紅細胞免疫刺激產生的同種抗體,由于抗原刺激時間較短,所以可同時在體內檢出IgM和IgG性質的抗體。IgG性質的抗-M也可引起血管外溶血,因此在檢出抗-M時要區分抗體性質,M抗原陰性的患者最好輸注M抗原陰性的血液。Lewis系統抗體和冷自身抗體多為IgM性質,引起的輸血反應應較少,但多會引起血型正反定型不符,交叉配血不合,因此要加以區分,避免同時含有同種抗體。在混合型的自身免疫溶血性貧血的患者中多含有抗體特異性不明確具有IgM和IgG性質的自身抗體,該類型患者盡量避免輸血,以藥物治療為主,如病情危急,應權衡輸血的利弊,以患者生命安全為主。
不規則抗體陽性患者在臨床科室的分布特點:內科以血液內科和腎臟風濕科為主,陽性率5.20%和2.80%,高于其他內科的0.25%。因為血液科白血病人多需要長期反復輸血,容易刺激產生同種抗體;腎臟風濕科檢出的多為自身免疫抗體,因此檢出率較高。外科患者以骨科和普外科為主,陽性率為0.42%和0.78%,高于其他內科的0.23%。因為骨科和普外科陽性患者檢出的特點多為有手術史和輸血史,當再次手術輸血時不規則抗體檢出率較高。婦產科不規則抗體陽性率為0.66%,檢出率較高是因為女性患者除輸血免疫風險外多了妊娠免疫的風險,而且妊娠的次數越多風險越高。本次兒科檢出不規則抗體3例,可證實是由母體通過胎盤傳過來的IgG抗體,因此不規則抗體篩查對預防新生兒溶血病有重要意義;兒科陽性率為1.40%,比其他科室較高是因為只針對218例有黃疸、貧血需輸血/備血的患兒進行篩查,調查基數較小,因此陽性率較高。
綜上所述,抗體篩查陽性的不規則抗體性質以同種免疫產生IgG抗體為主,最常見為Rh系統抗體,其中以抗-E最多,最具有臨床意義;有輸血史和妊娠史的患者陽性率更高,女性因增加妊娠免疫的風險,檢出率高于男性;血液內科、腎臟風濕科的患者因需要長期反復輸血或患自身免疫性疾病,所以檢出率較高。因此應對擬輸血/備血的患者進行不規抗體篩查,從而有助于降低患者溶血性輸血反應及預防新生兒溶血病,提高輸血有效性安全性和保障母嬰安全。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-14) (本文編輯:桑茹南)