轉折關系處，常為命題點

劉嫦云

理解句子之間的邏輯關系對理解語篇內容和解答閱讀試題都非常重要。常見的邏輯關系包括并列關系、轉折關系、因果關系、讓步關系等。筆者通過分析歸納近五年的高考真題發現，其中的轉折關系是高考閱讀理解的高頻考點。如下表所示：

表示轉折關系的詞除了常見的but外，還有however， instead， contrary to， yet等等。轉折后是作者要著重強調的內容，也常常是命題點所在。相關的試題涵蓋了細節理解、詞義猜測、推理判斷、主旨大意四種題型。請看下列真題。

[例1]（2020全國I卷C篇）Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接觸）with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity， however， says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

解析：細節題。由題干中的conditioned athletes 可迅速定位到第二段，首句Race walkers are conditioned athletes是總述，接下來應是詳述理由。由該段中的But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times可知，競走運動的規則要求競走者的膝關節在腿擺動時的大部分時間里伸直，同時一只腳保持與地面接觸。對比各選項，只有C項正確：競走者必須遵循一些特殊的運動規則。

[例2]（2020全國II卷B篇）The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would， and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently， and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However， boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls， and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.

26. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play？

A. They play with puzzles more often.

B. They tend to talk less during the game.

C. They prefer to use more spatial language.

D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.

解析：細節題。由題干中的boys和girls可定位到最后一段。由其中的However， boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls， and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls可知，男孩們較女孩們而言，傾向于玩更復雜的智力游戲，故選D項。

[例3]（2017全國I卷 B篇）I work with Volunteers for Wildlife， a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured， displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.

I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. ...

...

A nervous night to be sure， but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！ The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.

27. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？

A. Its unexpected.

B. Its beautiful.

C. Its humorous.

D. Its discouraging.

解析：推斷題。由最后一段可知，通過播放貓頭鷹雛鳥饑餓時發出叫聲的錄音，這只貓頭鷹雛鳥的父母找到了雛鳥，并得到了其爸媽的照管，達到了作者的預期。再結合第一段最后一句“However， when it works， it is simply beautiful.”可知，當救助工作起作用時，是美好的，故選B項。

[例4]（2018全國I卷 C篇）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers， small， tightly knit（聯系）groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago， when the world had just five to ten million people， they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.

31. What is the main idea of the text？

A. New languages will be created.

B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in fewer languages.

C. Human development results in fewer languages.

D. Geography determines language evolution.

解析：主旨題。由第一段第一句“Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.”中but后的內容“但在最近一段時間，來的越來越少，去的越來越多”可知，語言的種類越來越少，故選C項。

[例5]（2020新高考I 卷D篇）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research， both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

13. What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to？

A. Big eaters.?????????????? B. Overweight persons.

C. Picky eaters.??????????? D. Tall thin persons.

解析：詞義猜測題。根據第一段第二句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”可知，研究表明，與現存的研究發現（應該避免和食量大的胖人一起吃飯）相反，你真正需要避開的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根據“contrary to”可知，畫線詞與heavier people含義相反，故D項正確。

我們在解答閱讀理解題時，首先用題干中的關鍵詞定位到文本中特定的段落或語句。當出現表轉折關系的but， however， instead， contrary to， yet等時，我們就要特別注意了，因為這往往是答案所在，需要仔細研讀。

責任編輯 蔣小青