劉彤霞
一、理論基礎
(一)最近發展區理論對教師與教學的要求
最近發展區理論是由前蘇聯教育家維果茨基提出來的,它對導學案的影響主要是從教師和教學兩發面。
1.對教師在導學案的設計與編制上的要求
“最近發展區”理論對教學實踐提供了積極的信息,它要求教師在教學設計、教學原則、教學模式等的過程中要抓好學生的“關鍵期”。即導學案的設計和編制中要遵循教學設計的主體性、教學原則的適度性教學模式的主動性。
在教學設計上,主要體現在教師備課上面,而備課的主要任務是首先了解學生當前所處的階段以及他們所面臨的問題,包括學生的性格特點、學習習慣、學習技能技巧以及已有的知識儲備,還包括學生對接受新知識的情感態度以及樂于學習的方式方法等。
2.對導學案教學的要求
最近發展區理論認為傳統的教學處于教學的最低界限,好的教學應該處于“教學最佳期”這個教學期是有最近發展區決定的,教學首先必須建立在學生的心理機能開始形成的基礎之前。因為它影響兒童發展的水平、速度以及智力活動特征。
導學案的教學模式實際上就是要求教師在上課之前充分了解學生的已有的知識儲備情況,并在此基礎上預測可能達到的水平,為學生創建“最近發展區”。
(二)建構主義理論重視“學”與“教”
建構主義的思想來源于認知加工學說,以及維果斯基、皮亞杰和布魯納等人的思想。
1.重視學生主體性的發揮
2.重視學生獲取知識的情境性
3.重視學習過程的自我建構
4.重視教學目標的多維性
建構主義強調教師在教學活動中,應該充當“指導者”的角色,為學生搭建“腳手架”,教師把任務逐漸移交給學生,最后撤去腳手架。導學案設計的內容還要激發起學生的求知欲。如果枯燥無味,那么所設實施“導學案”便失去了意義。同時,“導案”的設計需要注重情境、語境的設計。
Module 1 How Did They Start導學案
二、課前自學
1.課前熱身
(1) Could you please brainstorm as many ball games as possible?
(2) Which of the ball games do you like watching? Why?
(3) Which one of them are you good at?
2.課前閱讀
After reading ,please judge T/F
(1)For Americans, football actually means rugby.
(2)Basketball was invented by a high school principal.
(3)Alexander Cartwright is called “the father of baseball” because he invented it.
(4)Compared with others, soccer was the first to be played by people.
3.課前補充
Could you figure out whose rules the following statements are?
(1)The offense uses a bat, which is made of wood in the professional ranks.
(2)The court is divided into two main sections by the mid-court line.
(3)One of the simple rules—maximum of 15 players in a team, with up to 7 substitutes allowed.
(4)There are nine players on each side.
Long sentences analysis
(1)Naismith wanted to create a game that would provide exercise for a noisy class through the cold months.
(2) Naismith attached two baskets to two tall poles at each end of the gymnasium and gave the players a soccer ball and told them to try to throw the ball into the baskets.
三、課后鞏固
Make a list of great players,past and present and explain why they are so good .