張怡 邱聰龍 周東升 陳贊 陳壽林 劉靈江 徐永明 吳向平
[關鍵詞] 首發;精神分裂癥;血脂;血糖;停藥
[中圖分類號] R749.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)27-0025-05
Study on the changes of blood lipid and blood glucose levels before and after treatment of patients with first-episode schizophrenia
ZHANG Yi? ?QIU Conglong? ?ZHOU Dongsheng? ?CHEN Zan? ?CHEN Shoulin? ?LIU Lingjiang? ?XU Yongming
WU Xiangping
Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo? ?315201, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the changes of blood lipid and blood glucose levels in patients with first-episode schizophrenia before and after treatment. Methods A total of 109 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (the observation group) and 113 healthy check-ups (the control group) from the Department of Psychiatry of Ningbo Kangning Hospital from January 2017 to June 2018 were selected as the study subjects. Their blood lipid and blood glucose levels in peripheral blood before treatment and at 1 month, 12 months and 18 months after treatment were observed. Based on the presence or absence of medicine-taking after discharge, the observation group was divided into a medicated group (with 55 cases) and an unmedicated group (with 54 cases), and the levels of blood lipid and blood glucose before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results Before treatment, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein B (apoB), Lipoproteins (LPa), phospholipids (PLIP) and lipase (LPS) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) level was higher than that in the control group. After treatment, the levels of TC, HDL, apoB, LPa, PLIP, LPS and glucose (Glu) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and apoA1 level was higher than that in the control group. The observation group was compared before and after treatment, the levels of HDL, apoA1 and Glu decreased compared with those before treatment, and TG level increased compared with those before treatment. All the above-mentioned differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). In the unmedicated group, TG and apoB levels after treatment were higher than those before treatment, while apoA1 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) levels were lower than those before treatment. At 18 months after treatment, the levels of HDL, LDL, apoA1 and Glu were lower than those before treatment, while apoB and LPa levels were higher than those before treatment in the medicated group. In the un medicated group, the levels of HDL, apoA1, LPS and Glu after treatment were lower than those before treatment, while the levels of TG, apoB and LPa were higher than those before treatment. All the above-mentioned differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The levels of TC, TG, HDL, apoB, LPa, PLIP and LPS are low in patients with schizophrenia. The increase of TG level predicts the improvement of disease condition. Short-term medicine-taking can cause HDL, apoA1 and Glu levels to decrease, TG level to increase. Long-term medicine-taking can cause apoA1 level to decrease. Interruption of medicine-taking can cause apoA1 and LPS levels to decrease. After drug withdrawal, TG and apoB levels may increase, while apoA1 and APOE levels may decrease, and HDL and Glu levels may return to unmedicated levels.
[Key words] First episode; Schizophrenia; Blood lipid; Blood glucose; Drug withdrawal
精神分裂癥臨床表現為一系列的幻覺妄想綜合征,對患者的社會功能、勞動能力造成極大的損害,有研究顯示,該疾病是心血管疾病的高危因素,繼而影響患者壽命[1]。代謝綜合征是心血管疾病危險因素,主要表現為脂肪、蛋白質等代謝紊亂導致的一種病理狀態,血脂、血糖(Blood glucose,Glu)水平的紊亂是其一重要標志。精神分裂癥可能會影響患者的血脂[2]、血糖[3]水平,服用抗精神病藥物更會引起血脂、血糖代謝異常,誘發代謝綜合征[4-5]。但是,抗精神病藥物是當前治療精神分裂癥的主要藥物,使用率高[6]。所以,明確精神分裂癥及抗精神病藥物與血脂、血糖之間的關系有較大意義。雖然此類研究較多,但結論不一[7-8],且關于長期服藥、中斷服藥、精神分裂癥本身對血脂、血糖水平的影響,尤其是外周血中載脂蛋白A1(Apolipoprotein A1,apoA1)、載脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B,apoB)、脂蛋白(Lipoproteins,LPa)、磷脂(Phospholipid,PLIP)、血清脂肪酶(Lipase,LPS)、載脂蛋白E(Apolipoprotein E,APOE)水平的影響闡述較少,本研究就此展開觀察與進一步研究,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年1月至2018年6月在寧波市康寧醫院精神科住院的109例首發精神分裂癥患者(觀察組)和113名健康體檢者(對照組)作為研究對象。觀察組在接受抗精神病藥物前、接受藥物后1個月及第12、18個月出院后在門診隨訪時檢測外周血中血脂、血糖水平。首次住院周期不大于2個月,治療效果均為好轉;出院后第12、18個月至門診隨訪,根據第12個月隨訪時有無服藥,將觀察組分為服藥組55例和未服藥組54例。觀察組109例,男50例,女59例;年齡13~65歲,平均(39.08±14.97)歲;對照組113名,男51名,女62名;年齡9~79歲,平均(42.56±15.64)歲。兩組性別構成、年齡、收縮壓、舒張壓、腰圍、體重、BMI、空腹血糖、吸煙情況、高血壓家族史、高脂血癥家族史、糖尿病家族史比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究符合醫院醫學倫理要求,且所有患者均簽訂知情同意書。
所有受試者均為寧波本地戶口居民,一日三餐,主食為米飯,進食規律,飲食結構基本相同。觀察組診斷需符合國際疾病分類第10版(International classification of diseases,ICD-10)精神與行為障礙分類中的F20“精神分裂癥”診斷標準,且均為首發患者。服藥組為18個月研究期間,連續足量、按時服藥的觀察組受試者。未服藥組為第12個月隨訪時發現未連續服藥,且第12個月前已至少連續6個月未服用抗精神病藥物,并在第12個月后繼續給予原抗精神病藥物種類、劑量治療的觀察組受試者。
排除標準:①既往有癲癇、驚厥、腦腫瘤等中樞神經器質性疾病史者;②既往有酒精、鴉片類、大麻類等及其他精神活性物質依賴史者;③患有嚴重心血管、肝、腎、血液、內分泌等疾病者;④懷孕或處于哺乳期者;⑤既往有高脂血癥、糖尿病、痛風等內分泌代謝性疾病史者;⑥近期服用影響血脂、血糖水平藥物者,如腎上腺皮質激素、性激素、甲狀腺激素類藥物,利尿劑等。
1.2 方法
所有研究對象前3 d清淡飲食,以素食為主,并于檢查前保證空腹12~14 h,入院次日,抽取晨起安靜狀態下靜脈血3 mL,離心10 min,2500 r/min,分離血清標本,放置于-20℃下保存待測。
三酰甘油(Triglyceride,TG)、Glu采用氧化酶法測定,總膽固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)采用CHOD-PAP法測定,血清高密度脂蛋白(Serum high-density lipoprotein,HDL)、血清低密度脂蛋白(Serum low-density lipoprotein,LDL)采用一步酶法測定,apoA1、apoB、LPa、LPS、APOE采用免疫比濁法測定,PLIP采用膽堿氧化酶法測定。所有標本均在AU5800全自動生化分析儀器上測定,操作過程嚴格按照說明書要求進行。在接受抗精神病藥物前、接受藥物后1個月及第12、18個月出院后檢測血脂、血糖水平。
1.3 觀察指標
觀察血脂、血糖水平,包括TC、TG、HDL、LDL、apoA1、apoB、LPa、PLIP、LPS、APOE及Glu。
1.4 統計學方法
采用 SPSS 25.0統計學軟件對數據進行分析,符合正態分布及方差齊性的計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,組內比較采用配對樣本t檢驗;計數資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義
2 結果
2.1 觀察組治療前后血脂、血糖水平與對照組的比較
治療前觀察組TC、TG、HDL、apoB、LPa、PLIP、LPS水平低于對照組,apoA1水平高于對照組;治療后,觀察組TC、HDL、apoB、LPa、PLIP、LPS、Glu水平低于對照組,apoA1水平高于對照組;觀察組治療前后比較,HDL、apoA1、Glu水平較前下降,TG水平較前升高,差異均有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 未服藥組治療前與治療后12個月時血脂、血糖水平比較
未服藥組TG、apoB水平較治療前升高;apoA1、APOE水平較治療前下降,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.3 服藥組、未服藥組治療前與治療后18個月時血脂、血糖水平比較
服藥組治療后18個月時HDL、LDL、apoA1、Glu水平低于治療前,apoB、LPa水平高于治療前;未服藥組18個月時HDL、apoA1、LPS、Glu水平低于治療前,TG、apoB、LPa水平高于治療前,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
多項流行病學調查、臨床研究顯示,精神分裂癥患者在服用抗精神病藥物前,就已經存在血脂、血糖水平的代謝紊亂[9-10]。一項橫斷面調查顯示,超過半數的首發精神分裂癥患者血脂水平存在異常[11]。
本研究發現首發精神分裂癥患者TC、TG、HDL、apoB、LPa、PLIP、LPS水平低于健康對照組,apoA1水平高于健康對照組,與朱文標等[12]研究結果一致。薛永等[13]發現,精神分裂癥患者TC、LDL、apoA1、apoB、HDL水平均低于健康對照組。萬鳳等[14]也發現,首發精神分裂癥患者的血脂異常,主要表現為HDL水平降低。故HDL水平降低,是被發現較多的結論之一,推測原因可能是HDL水平在體內主要起到逆向轉運膽固醇,抑制血栓、氧化應激、抗動脈硬化、抑制炎癥的作用,低HDL水平是代謝綜合征的高危因素[15],而精神分裂癥患者是代謝綜合征的易感人群。另外,本研究發現患者的Glu水平在服藥前與正常人群沒有差異,可能與胰島素抵抗[4]有關,由于精神分裂癥等原因導致體內的胰島素對葡萄糖的攝取、轉化、利用障礙,從而分泌過量的胰島素[16],以達到控制血糖至正常水平,是一種代償機制。
患者服藥1個月后,病情好轉,TG水平由低于正常上升至與對照組無差異,表明TG水平升高,是病情好轉的信號,與薛永等[13]研究結果一致。有人認為精神分裂癥患者在未治療時思維紊亂增多,行為忙碌,是增加體脂代謝加快的緣故,隨著病情控制,體能活動減少,思維紊亂得到控制,血脂水平逐步恢復正常。本研究發現,長期服用抗精神病藥物與短期服藥的患者,其血脂、血糖水平變化呈現不同的趨勢。短期連續服用抗精神病藥物會使患者的HDL、apoA1、Glu水平下降,TG水平升高,與朱文標等[12]研究結果基本一致;長期連續服用抗精神病藥物會使患者的apoA1水平下降,apoB、LPa水平升高,與薛永等[13]研究部分一致,較為明確的是短期服藥,會使TG水平升高,HDL水平下降,長期表現則顯示apoB水平升高明顯。
另外,中斷服藥6個月以上的患者,其apoA1、LPS水平下降,apoB水平升高;該結果與18個月內連續服藥患者數據相仿;比對未服藥組12個月時與治療前發現,患者的TG、apoB水平升高,apoA1、APOE水平降低,HDL、Glu水平恢復至未服藥水平;表明抗精神病藥物對患者的血脂水平影響較為持久,長期停藥后,短期再服藥對血脂影響并不大。與郭紅中[17]的研究結果相仿,其原因可能是精神分裂癥患者隨著疾病的進展,陰性癥狀不斷加重[18],藥物及疾病導致的認知功能損傷加深,病恥感強烈,導致其不愿接觸社會,退縮家中并少活動,繼而形成不健康的飲食及生活方式,引起患者肥胖,引發血脂、血糖水平異常[19-20]。
綜上所述,首發精神分裂癥患者的血脂、血糖水平受多因素影響,其中的機制涉及多種神經遞質的改變,多種傳導通路的變化,服用抗精神病藥物無論短期、長期,或是停藥,都會對血脂、血糖水平產生不同影響,需進一步探索與展開臨床研究。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-30)