張艷 周慶兵 徐鳳芹



摘要 目的:探究調(diào)節(jié)DNA甲基化的中藥活性成分和用藥規(guī)律。方法:運(yùn)用GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫獲取DNA甲基化相關(guān)基因靶點(diǎn),通過中藥系統(tǒng)藥理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫與分析平臺(tái)(TCMSP)查找靶基因相關(guān)的活性成分和中藥,納入條件為類藥性≥0.18,口服生物利用度≥30%,構(gòu)建中藥-成分-甲基化靶點(diǎn)作用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。采用DAVID 6.8數(shù)據(jù)庫分析潛在靶點(diǎn)參與的生物過程及信號通路,同時(shí)收集中藥功效及性味歸經(jīng)信息,分析調(diào)節(jié)DNA甲基化的用藥規(guī)律。結(jié)果:獲得23個(gè)潛在的DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn),與449個(gè)活性成分和342味中藥相匹配。其中山柰酚、槲皮素、木犀草素、黃芩素、異鼠李素等可能是干預(yù)DNA甲基化的主要活性成分,甘草、半枝蓮、丹參、枸杞子、燈盞細(xì)辛等可能是干預(yù)DNA甲基化的主要中藥。相關(guān)通路以TNF信號通路、Toll樣信號通路等抗炎通路為主。用藥規(guī)律分析顯示,干預(yù)DNA甲基化的中藥多性寒、味苦,歸肝經(jīng),具有清熱、止痛、補(bǔ)益等功效。結(jié)論:本研究系統(tǒng)探討了中藥調(diào)節(jié)DNA甲基化的活性成分,歸納了中藥干預(yù)DNA甲基化的用藥規(guī)律,以期為治療DNA甲基化相關(guān)疾病的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證及新藥研發(fā)提供思路。
關(guān)鍵詞 DNA甲基化;表觀遺傳學(xué);數(shù)據(jù)挖掘;用藥規(guī)律;網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué);活性成分;中藥;信號通路
Medication Rules of Chinese Medicines in Regulating DNA Methylation Based on Network Pharmacology and Data Mining
ZHANG Yan1,2,ZHOU Qingbing1,3,XU Fengqin1,3
(1 Xiyuan Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100091,China; 2 Graduate School,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China; 3 Institute of Geriatrics,Xiyuan Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100091,China)
AbstractObjective: To explore the active components and medication rules of Chinese medicines in regulating DNA methylation. Methods: GeneCards was used to search for the gene targets related to DNA methylation,and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP) to search for the active ingredients and herbal medicines related to the target genes.The inclusion conditions were drug-likeness≥0.18 and oral bioavailability≥30%,and the herbal medicine-component-target network was constructed.DAVID 6.8 was used to analyze the biological processes and signaling pathways involving the potential targets.At the same time,the efficacy,property,taste,and meridian tropism of the Chinese herbal medicines were collected to analyze the medication rules for regulating DNA methylation. Results: Twenty-three potential targets of DNA methylation were obtained,which were matched with 449 active components and 342 Chinese herbal medicines.Quercetin,kaempferol,luteolin,baicalin,and isorhamnetin may be the main active components for interfering with DNA methylation.Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Scutellariae Barbatae Herba,Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Lycii Fructus,and Erigerontis Herba may be the main Chinese herbal medicines for interfering with DNA methylation.The anti-inflammatory pathways such as TNF and Toll-like signaling pathway were mainly involved.The Chinese herbal medicines used for interfering with DNA methylation are cold and bitter,with tropism to the liver meridian and the main effects of clearing heat,relieving pain,and tonifying. Conclusion: This study predicted the active components of Chinese herbal medicines in regulating DNA methylation and summarized the medication rules for intervening with DNA methylation.It provides ideas for the experimental verification of treating DNA methylation-related diseases and the development of relevant drugs.13394B73-CB2C-4322-A0A1-5D8D25E41881
Keywords DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Data mining; Medication rule; Network pharmacology; The active ingredient; Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM); Signaling pathways
中圖分類號:R272;R249;R285 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A ?doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2022.09.010
DNA甲基化(DNA Methylation)屬于表觀遺傳學(xué)范疇,是指在DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶DNMT3a,DNMT3b和DNMT1催化下,選擇性地將甲基基團(tuán)添加到CpG序列5-胞嘧啶,形成5-甲基胞嘧啶的化學(xué)修飾過程[1]。DNA甲基化可以調(diào)控下游基因表達(dá),從而在生命活動(dòng)中起著重要的作用,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為調(diào)控DNA甲基化是干預(yù)疾病的新手段。盡管人體所有類型的細(xì)胞包含相同的DNA序列,但它們的甲基化模式是不同的。理解這個(gè)系統(tǒng)對理解如何建立穩(wěn)定的細(xì)胞表型及其對正常生理、衰老和疾病的影響至關(guān)重要[2]。
目前調(diào)控DNA甲基化的西藥僅在血液腫瘤疾病領(lǐng)域進(jìn)入臨床階段,其余病種尚處于臨床前階段[3-5]。近年來,中藥調(diào)控DNA甲基化的研究越來越多。據(jù)報(bào)道,中藥復(fù)方及單體可通過調(diào)控DNA甲基化治療血液、腫瘤、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等疾病[6-15]。未來需要對中醫(yī)藥干預(yù)異?;蚣谆M(jìn)一步研究。
由于中藥多成分、多靶點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn),很難系統(tǒng)地尋找到干預(yù)DNA甲基化的中藥及其用藥規(guī)律。鑒于此,本研究從數(shù)據(jù)挖掘及網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)角度出發(fā),構(gòu)建DNA甲基化-靶點(diǎn)-活性成分-中藥關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò),挖掘用藥規(guī)律,以期為未來中藥調(diào)控DNA甲基化研究提供一定的思路及方向。
1資料與方法
1.1DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)篩選及通路分析
通過GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.genecards.org)收集DNA甲基化相關(guān)靶點(diǎn),檢索詞為“DNA methylation”。GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫基本覆蓋幾大數(shù)據(jù)庫對于基因的分析數(shù)據(jù),是人類基因的綜合數(shù)據(jù)庫。應(yīng)用DAVID 6.8數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)對最終納入研究的潛在靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行基因本體(Gene Ontology,GO)富集分析和京都基因和基因組百科全書(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)信號通路分析。
1.2活性成分篩選及靶點(diǎn)-活性成分網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
根據(jù)DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)信息,通過中藥系統(tǒng)藥理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫與分析平臺(tái)(Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform,TCMSP,http://lsp.nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php)納入與靶點(diǎn)相關(guān)且類藥性(Drug Likeness,DL)≥0.18、口服生物利用度(Oral Bioavailability,OB)≥30%的活性成分。
1.3DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)-成分-中藥網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
關(guān)聯(lián)活性成分相關(guān)中藥,構(gòu)建DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)-成分-中藥網(wǎng)絡(luò),運(yùn)用Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件進(jìn)行可視化分析。通過對網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)度值(Degree)分析,識(shí)別網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn),同時(shí)初步探討中藥和活性成分對DNA甲基化的干預(yù)強(qiáng)度。
1.4中藥數(shù)據(jù)整理與歸納
以《中華人民共和國藥典》2020版為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將中藥名稱規(guī)范,并對其性、味、歸經(jīng)及療效進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。中藥功效信息整理方法如下:以藥典記錄的功效為準(zhǔn)則,按詞頻分解,如“清熱解毒”分解為“清熱”“解毒”,“涼血止血”分解為“涼血”“止血”,若中藥功效不能分解,如“活血化瘀”“補(bǔ)益肝腎”等則整體分析,相似功效合并分析。
2結(jié)果
2.1DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)篩選及通路分析
本研究共篩選到14 008個(gè)DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)。將候選靶點(diǎn)置于TCMSP,以化合物OB≥30%、DL≥0.18為條件納入化合物匹配的靶點(diǎn),共計(jì)23個(gè)。見表1。
核心靶點(diǎn)涉及基因表達(dá)正調(diào)控(Positive regulation of gene expression)、序列特異性DNA結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子活性的調(diào)控(Regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ啟動(dòng)子轉(zhuǎn)錄的正調(diào)控(Positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase Ⅱ promoter)等56項(xiàng)生物過程(Biological Process,BP)( P <0.05);酶結(jié)合位點(diǎn)(Enzyme binding)、MAP激酶活性(MAP kinase activity)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ轉(zhuǎn)錄因子活性、配體激活序列特異性DNA結(jié)合(RNA polymerase Ⅱ transcription factor activity,ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding)等20項(xiàng)分子功能(Molecular Function,MF)( P <0.05);核漿(Nucleoplasm)、細(xì)胞外隙(Extracellular space)等10項(xiàng)細(xì)胞組分(Cell Component,CC)( P <0.05);僅展示每種類別前10項(xiàng)。見圖1。 P <0.05的信號通路共有56條,主要包括:TNF信號通路、NOD樣受體信號通路、FoxO信號通路、GnRH信號通路、MAPK信號通路和Toll樣受體信號通路等,前20條信號通路。見圖2。13394B73-CB2C-4322-A0A1-5D8D25E41881
2.2活性成分篩選及靶點(diǎn)-活性成分網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
檢索到449個(gè)調(diào)控DNA甲基化的相關(guān)化合物。靶點(diǎn)-活性成分網(wǎng)絡(luò)由508個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),11 440條邊構(gòu)成。Degree值排名前5%的化合物有槲皮素(Quercetin)、山柰酚(Kaempferol)、木犀草素(Luteolin)、芒柄花黃素(Formononetin)等24個(gè),上述活性成分與DNA甲基化相關(guān)靶點(diǎn)聯(lián)系較多為重要成分。Degree值前5位的靶點(diǎn)為AR、PPARG、PGR、TNF、ICAM1,這些靶點(diǎn)與眾多小分子物質(zhì)相互作用,與DNA甲基化密切相關(guān)。見表2。
2.3DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)-成分-中藥網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
與DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)相關(guān)的483種活性成分,追溯到相關(guān)中藥399味。除去《中華人民共和國藥典》未報(bào)道的中藥58味(例如白藥子、八角蓮、大風(fēng)子等),共獲得中藥334味。甲基化靶點(diǎn)-成分-中藥網(wǎng)絡(luò)共808個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),14 760條邊。DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)與34味中藥關(guān)聯(lián)Degree值位于前10%,包括甘草182、半枝蓮46、枸杞子43、丹參42、燈盞細(xì)辛42、銀杏葉42、葫蘆巴41、苦參40、淫羊藿40、山豆根37、蔓荊子37、降香37、菊花37、紅花36、香附36、余甘子36、雞血藤35、白果35、香薷35、金銀花34、連翹34、延胡索34、黃芪34、沙苑子34、馬鞭草33、沙棘33、紫菀33、麻黃32、沒藥31、半邊蓮30、青蒿30、桑葉30、旋覆花30和夏枯草30。構(gòu)建了34味中藥-成分-甲基化靶點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò),包括300個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),4 137條邊,其中紅色倒三角表示DNA甲基化,桃紅色菱形表示靶點(diǎn),綠色六邊形表示中藥,粉色長方形表示活性成分,Degree值越大形狀越大。見圖3。
2.4中藥性味-歸經(jīng)-功效結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),寒性、苦味及歸屬肝經(jīng)的藥物對DNA甲基化調(diào)節(jié)作用最強(qiáng),分別占比36.97%、35.84%、24.63%。歸經(jīng)前3位為肝經(jīng)、肺經(jīng)、脾經(jīng);性前3位依次為寒、溫、熱;味前3位為苦、辛、甘。就功效而言,共分解-歸納出中藥功效20種,其中具有清熱、解毒、補(bǔ)益功效位于前3位,占比分別為18.81%、10.96%、9.33%。Degree值位列前茅的藥物與性味、歸經(jīng)及功效的用藥規(guī)律相符。見圖4。
3討論
DNA甲基化易受環(huán)境、飲食等因素影響,改變 基因表達(dá)而不改變DNA序列[16]。因此,許多研究者將中醫(yī)預(yù)防治療原則與表觀遺傳學(xué)相結(jié)合,通過改善環(huán)境、情緒,甚至通過中藥、針灸和飲食的干預(yù),更好地預(yù)防疾病[17]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素、山柰酚、木犀草素、芒柄花黃素、異鼠李素、薯蕷皂苷配基、鞣花酸、漢黃芩素、黃芩素、(-)-表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯、β-胡蘿卜素、花葵素、煙酸等與DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)連接較多,被認(rèn)為是干預(yù)DNA甲基化的主要活性成分。其中,兒茶素、槲皮素等多酚及天然黃酮類物質(zhì),具有抗炎、抗氧化作用,還可通過抑制DNMTs活性抑制甲基化[18]。(-)-表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯是最有效的人DNMT1抑制劑,通過沒食子酸的部分特異性抑制該酶的催化活性[18],其抗氧化活性與恢復(fù)抗氧化酶活性有關(guān)[19]。槲皮素通過對基因表達(dá)的影響發(fā)揮抗氧化、抗炎作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),槲皮素降低了DNMT1的總活性和NF-E2相關(guān)因子2(Nrf2)基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)DNA甲基化水平[20]。山柰酚誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的同時(shí)對正常細(xì)胞起保護(hù)作用。山柰酚可能通過調(diào)控DNMTs和組蛋白去乙?;敢种苿℉DACs)蛋白表達(dá),從而降低結(jié)直腸癌抑制因子DACT2基因表達(dá)水平,抑制Wnt信號通路阻斷腫瘤細(xì)胞周期,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤的遷移且抑制MMPs[21]。此外,山柰酚可通過核因子κB炎癥信號通路減輕炎癥反應(yīng),增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抗氧化能力。本研究未涉及的低頻化合物如白藜蘆醇也有調(diào)控DNA甲基化的作用[22]。高頻活性成分多“藥食同源”,保證了中藥開發(fā)的安全性,也體現(xiàn)了食療的可靠性[23]。核心通路MAPK方面,梔子、川芎顯示對MAPK信號通路差異甲基化基因的雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用[24]。
通過對靶點(diǎn)-成分-中藥網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)甘草、半枝蓮、枸杞子、丹參、燈盞細(xì)辛、銀杏葉等中藥所含靶點(diǎn)數(shù)目較多,因此推測它們對DNA甲基化有更大影響。對中藥信息結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),肝、肺二經(jīng)占影響DNA甲基化機(jī)制中藥的44.36%,性味以寒、溫,苦、辛、甘為主,苦寒之品多有清熱解毒的功效,甘溫之類多有扶正溫補(bǔ)之效,此亦與中藥功效分析結(jié)果相一致。根據(jù)上述結(jié)果推測治療DNA甲基化相關(guān)疾病應(yīng)注重清熱活血解毒,扶正祛邪的作用。此外,中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為寒屬陰,溫屬陽,陰陽的屬性與低甲基化、高甲基化特性不謀而合[25-26]。此外,DNA甲基化個(gè)性化的特點(diǎn)與中醫(yī)藥辨證論治個(gè)體化特點(diǎn)相符,更凸顯中醫(yī)藥調(diào)控DNA甲基化的研究前景。中醫(yī)藥陰陽理論、個(gè)性化、動(dòng)態(tài)性的特點(diǎn)可以指導(dǎo)表觀遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展。
綜上所述,本研究基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)構(gòu)建了DNA甲基化靶點(diǎn)-成分-中藥網(wǎng)絡(luò),并系統(tǒng)闡述了三者間的關(guān)系。通過數(shù)據(jù)挖掘方法歸納與DNA甲基化相關(guān)的活性成分及中藥的相關(guān)信息,以期為DNA甲基化相關(guān)疾病的治療和新藥研發(fā)提供線索。本研究也存在一定局限性,僅從藥物-靶點(diǎn)-疾病相關(guān)性入手,并未考慮量-效關(guān)系,后期需要基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床試驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證[27]。此外,甲基化與中藥的機(jī)制研究需要遺傳學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)等多學(xué)科的支持和交叉。
所有作者間不存在利益沖突。
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(2021-04-07收稿本文編輯:楊覺雄)
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(81973679);國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃“中醫(yī)藥現(xiàn)代化研究”專項(xiàng)(2017YFC1700301);中醫(yī)藥傳承與創(chuàng)新“百千萬”人才(岐黃工程)岐黃學(xué)者作者簡介:張艷(1991.09—),女,博士研究生在讀,研究方向:中醫(yī)藥防治心血管病,E-mail:zhangyan8120@163.com通信作者:徐鳳芹(1962.05—),女,博士,教授,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:中醫(yī)藥防治心血管病,E-mail:Dr.xufengqin@outlook.com13394B73-CB2C-4322-A0A1-5D8D25E41881