嚴瑞安
每年每一套全國卷高考題中,都有一至兩道題要求考生根據語境推斷單詞或短語的含義。解這類題的根本方法,毫無疑問就是要求考生對語境有充分的理解,即理解上下文的意思。解題的技巧有很多,但本文主要談談利用語篇結構來推斷單詞或短語的含義。
我們知道,英語文章或段落的結構一般是“(背景+)主題句(總)+支撐句(分)(+結論句)”,即“總分(總)”結構。主題句就是作者提出觀點或引出主題的句子,或者是告訴讀者本文要說明的主體或要分析的現象的句子;而支撐句則用以論證觀點、細化主題、詳述理由、說明主體或解釋現象等。
關于主題句,作者常常開門見山,首先寫主題句。但是,有時作者也會先介紹背景,然后再寫主題句。這時,主題句往往由表示轉折關系的詞或短語引出,常見的表示轉折關系的詞或短語有but, however, fortunately, luckily, unfortunately, on the contrary, otherwise等。
因此,我們既可以由總述句中的詞語來推斷分述句中的詞語的含義,也可以由分述句中的詞語來推斷總述句中的詞語的意思。
一、由總推分
[例1](2021年全國甲卷)
I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe!”And that’s what mattered —— landing tricks, being a good skater.
9. What do the underlined words“Safe!Safe!Safe!”probably mean?
A. Be careful!? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Well done!
C. No way!? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Don’t worry!
解析:顯然“And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don’t worry about it.” 是本段要重點表達的觀點,即“總”,說明了Safe在本篇語境的實際含義為cool, hello, don’t worry about it。接下來,從Once開始,就是對此句的具體說明,即舉例說明safe的意義選擇,也就是“分”。因A項(小心)和C項(沒門)與safe的這三種意思不符,可先排除。
在“分”的第一個事例 “Once ... fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve ... helping me up: Safe, man. Safe.”中,safe應取“don’t worry about it”之意;那第二個事例中劃線部分的意思是cool還是hello?由“And that’s what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. ”可知,作者滑板落地技巧高超,他的朋友大聲歡呼,應是表達贊美之情, Safe的含義應是cool(酷)之意,而與cool意思相近的只有“Well done!”,故選B項。
二、由分推總
[例2](2021年新高考全國Ⅰ卷)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl(水禽)were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsman. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(棲息地).
29. What does the underlined word“decimate”mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire.? ? ?B. Export.? ? ?C. Destroy.? ? ?D. Distribute.
解析:表轉折的Unfortunately(不幸的是)后的內容是本段主題句,為“總”,其后是支撐主題的具體細節,為“分”。由細節句“Millions of waterfowl were killed .... Millions of acres of wetlands were dried ....”中的killed與dried可推斷decimate的意思是“毀壞”,故選C項。事實上,其余選項“獲得”“出口”與“使分布”與語境毫無關系。
[例3](2021年新高考全國Ⅱ卷)
As they(tigers)grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they’d get up to mischief. We’d come down in the morning to find they’d turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
25. What do the underlined words“get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly. ? ?B. Lose their way.
C. Sleep soundly. ? ?D. Miss their mom.
解析:由表示轉折關系的otherwise(否則)可知,get up to mischief是當作者一家睡覺時不將老虎“關在一個大房間里”的后果(“總”),從語境和常識都可推斷,后果是不好的,于是可排除C項“睡得香”;又因“迷路”“想念媽媽”與“不關在大房間里”沒有直接聯系,也可排除,只好選A項“表現不好”。但如何證明表現不好?下句有具體說明(“分”),“我們早上下來,發現他們把房間弄得亂七八糟,看起來像個動物園”,據此,可進一步確認A項正確。
此外,筆者在做歷年高考詞義推斷題中還發現,不少題可直接利用轉折、讓步(although, though, while),或對比 (while)等邏輯關系就能順利推斷出來。總之,什么類型的題目用什么方法來解答才又快又好,就要靠我們在解題實踐中自己去領悟了。
責任編輯 蔣小青