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模因論視域下的讀后續寫描寫能力培養教學實踐

2022-07-05 12:35:21劉伶
教學月刊·中學版(外語教學) 2022年9期

劉伶

摘? ? 要:描寫可以使記敘文更形象化和具體化,并推動故事情節的發展,進而更好地揭示主題。模因論視域下的讀后續寫描寫能力培養可以從“模因輸入,同化語言知識”“模因保持,培養語言能力”“模因輸出和互動,形成語言素養”三個方面展開,以幫助學生在主題意義的探究過程中,形成同一主題的描寫方法,實現知識向能力、能力向素養的轉化。

關鍵詞:模因論;讀后續寫;描寫能力

讀后續寫是高考英語的新題型之一,旨在考查學生的文本解讀能力、情節推理能力、細節描寫能力、語篇銜接能力和創新思維能力等綜合語言運用能力。讀后續寫的閱讀材料一般以記敘文文本為主,其內容貼近生活,有一定趣味性,給學生的想象空間較大,上下文連貫性較強,語言難度較易把握[1]。記敘文的重要表達方式之一是描寫,其可以使記敘文更形象化和具體化,并推動故事情節的發展,進而更好地揭示主題。描寫一般包括感官描寫、具象詞匯和修辭手法[2]。

模因論(memetics)是一種基于達爾文進化論觀點解釋文化進化規律的理論,其借用生物進化模式探討模因(meme)的復制、傳播和進化。meme源自希臘語,意為“被模仿的東西”[3],其傳播周期可劃分為同化(assimilation)、記憶(retention)、表達(expression)和傳播(transmission)四個階段。語言學習本身就是語言模因復制、傳播的過程。為此,教師應在語言教學中,為學生提供大量的語言模因輸入,讓學生在理解的基礎上復制、模仿,并進行有效的模因輸出。筆者基于模因論四個階段的傳播周期,構建了模因論視域下的讀后續寫描寫能力培養教學模式(如圖1所示),并將其應用于譯林版普通高中教科書《英語》必修三第二單元Extended Reading “The Last Days of Pompeii”的教學中。“The Last Days of Pompeii”屬于“人與自然”主題語境下的“災害防范”主題群,以維蘇威火山爆發前、中、后這一時間線索展開敘述,生動形象地展現了龐貝古城在狂暴自然力襲擊下歸于毀滅的慘象。

一、模因輸入,同化語言知識

在語言教學中,模因輸入是指教師根據學生的語言水平和興趣愛好篩選同一主題的語言模因進行教學,學生運用注意、理解等手段習得語言模因,進而同化為語言知識的過程。

首先,教師呈現語篇標題和教材插圖,并提出問題“What are the key words in the title?”“What can you find special in the pictures?”“What can you predict the author will introduce in the text?”,引導學生預測語篇大意,調動學生興趣。絕大部分學生都能夠推測出語篇是一篇描寫維蘇威火山爆發使得龐貝古城毀滅的記敘文。

然后,教師讓學生快速閱讀語篇獲取語篇大意,并以小組為單位繪制語篇結構思維導圖(如圖2所示)。這一過程不僅有助于培養學生獲取表層信息的能力,而且還有助于培養學生分析、提煉和概括語篇信息的能力,使學生初步感知主題意義,為下面的細節閱讀作鋪墊。

接著,教師按照語篇結構,采用問題鏈的形式,幫助學生在深層次探究語篇主題意義的同時,習得相關的描寫知識。就第一部分而言,教師提出問題Q1~Q3,引導學生注意描寫災害發生前場景的方法。

Q1: What is the first part mainly about?

Q2: What was the city of Pompeii like before the volcanic eruption?

Q3: How does the author describe Pompeiis prosperity before the volcanic eruption?

Q1旨在訓練學生歸納、概括段落大意的能力;Q2旨在引導學生分析并推斷文字背后的深層含義,進而結合文本理據分享對火山爆發前龐貝古城的認識;Q3旨在培養學生鑒賞文本寫作技巧的能力。借助Q1~Q3,學生總結出第一部分采用具象詞匯來描寫火山爆發前龐貝古城的繁榮景象,凸顯了畫面感(如作者通過描寫各種船只來體現龐貝古城發達的水上運輸行業)。

就第二部分而言,教師提出問題Q4~Q6,引導學生領會如何描寫災害中的場景及人們的感受。

Q4: What is the second part mainly about?

Q5: How does the author describe the scene of the volcanic eruption?

Q6: How does the author describe peoples feelings and reactions during the volcanic eruption?

Q4旨在訓練學生歸納、概括段落大意的能力;Q5和Q6旨在引導學生探究文本的寫作技巧。在Q4~Q6的引導下,學生總結出第二部分采用感官描寫、具象詞匯和修辭手法相結合的方式來描寫火山爆發時的場景及人們的感受。其中,作者采用明喻(如A moment later, the mountain-cloud seemed to roll towards them, dark and rapid, like a river.)、倒裝和暗喻(如Over the empty streets — over the forum — far and wide — with many a noisy crash in the stormy sea — fell that awful shower!)三類修辭手法來描寫火山爆發時的場景,采用視覺(如The crowd looked upwards, and saw, with unspeakable fear, a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano.)、觸覺和聽覺(如At that moment, they felt the earth shaking beneath their feet; beyond in the distance, they heard the crash of falling roofs.)三類感官描寫來描寫火山爆發時人們內心的恐懼,以及采用具象詞匯(如Each turned to fly — each running, pre-

ssing, pushing against the other.)來描寫人們逃亡的場景。

就第三部分而言,教師提出問題Q7~Q9,引導學生領悟如何描寫災害后的場景。

Q7: What is the third part mainly about?

Q8: What did the remains of Pompeii look like after it was unearthed?

Q9: How does the author describe the remains of Pompeii?

Q7旨在訓練學生歸納、概括段落大意的能力;Q8旨在引導學生獲取龐貝古城遺址的基本事實性信息;Q9旨在引導學生理解并分析作者描寫事物的方法。在Q7~Q9的引導下,學生了解到龐貝古城遺址的基本事實性信息(如Its walls were fresh as if painted yesterday; not a single colour changed on the rich pattern of its floors. In its forum, the half-finished columns seemed as if just left by the workmans hand.),并推斷出作者采用具象詞匯(如its walls、colour和columns)和夸張修辭手法(如as if painted yesterday和as if just left by the workmans hand)相結合的方式展現了由于火山的爆發,龐貝古城在一剎那間被歷史定格。

最后,教師提出問題“Why does the author write the descriptive writing?”,讓學生四人一組進行討論,引導學生在把握作者寫作意圖的基礎上,進一步探究語篇的主題意義。學生在思維碰撞中意識到災害給人類帶來的巨大傷害,對自然產生敬畏之心。

經過層層遞進,環環相扣的模因輸入,學生在感知語篇主題意義的同時,初步形成了關于“災害防范”的描寫方法(如圖3所示)。具體而言,學生可以單獨使用具象詞匯來描寫災害前的場景,綜合使用感官描寫、具象詞匯和修辭手法來描寫災害中的場景及人們的感受,交叉使用具象詞匯和修辭手法來描寫災害后的場景。

二、模因保持,培養語言能力

在語言教學中,模因保持是指教師使用教學策略,指導學生有意識地運用記憶和學習策略,加強和鞏固輸入的語言模因,使之能長時間地停留在記憶中,進而促進知識向能力的轉化。在這一環節,教師運用合作學習和情境教學策略,為學生提供同一主題的語言模因操練機會,以使學生實踐與內化所獲得的語言知識。

首先,教師讓學生兩人一組概述“The Last Days of Pompeii”,旨在引導學生熟悉、鞏固在模因輸入環節習得的語言知識并體會作者所傳達的主題意義。在該任務中,學生運用所梳理的結構化知識,概述維蘇威火山爆發前、中、后龐貝古城的場景和火山爆發時人們的感受,體會到作者借此描寫所展現的災害的巨大破壞力。

然后,教師呈現本單元Reading板塊“Girls saves 100 from tsunami”中的海嘯插圖,讓學生運用所學的關于“災害防范”主題的語言模因來描寫海嘯發生時的場景和人們的感受。一名學生的產出如下:

The sea suddenly disappeared. Boats were stranded on the reef. Sea fish leapt out of the sea and landed on the rocks. Then the sea water surged forward and came back. The water was like the bubbles on the top of a beer. It was just coming in and in and in. Huge waves shot to the shore at a great speed, sending boats and cars crashing into nearby villages. People fled to the higher ground, screaming for help. They tried to resist the water but felt like tsunami would drag them back to the sea.

上述兩個任務不僅可以訓練學生的精細加工策略,還可以使“災害防范”主題的語言模因在反復應用后被保持在學生的記憶中,促進學生知識向能力的轉化。

三、模因輸出和互動,形成語言素養

為了幫助學生有效地表達和廣泛地傳播同一主題的語言模因,促進學生語言能力向語言素養的轉化,教師應實施模因輸出和模因互動兩個教學環節。

(一)模因輸出

在語言教學中,模因輸出是指教師基于同一主題設計寫作任務,讓學生運用同一主題的語言模因進行寫作。學生根據寫作要求,調取儲存在大腦中的同一主題的語言模因進行模因輸出。

在這一環節,教師基于學生的生活實際,呈現一篇“災害防范”主題的閱讀文章,讓學生用災害防范的描寫方法進行讀后續寫。語篇描述了暴風雨發生前的場景,講述的是主人公Sarah在暴風雨來臨前沒有像其他人一樣儲備食物。由續文第一段首句“Obviously, a storm was on its way.”可以推出,該段需要學生描寫暴風雨中的場景和人們的感受;由續文第二段首句“Trapped at home, Sarah wondered how she could survive.”可以推出,該段需要學生描寫Sarah如何獲救及暴風雨后Sarah家的場景。

一名學生的習作如下:

Obviously, a storm was on its way. ① Sarah looked upwards, and saw, with unspeakable fear, a tornado twirling in the distance like a gray funnel. ② A sudden burst of lightning drew lines in the black clouds, lighting up the dark sky. ③ In an instant, rain began to pour down, beating heavily against the window. ④ People turned to fly — each running, pre-

ssing, pushing against the other. ⑤ So came the storm, and so ended Sarahs hope.

Trapped at home, Sarah wondered how she could survive. ⑥ Then, her dogs sudden bar-

king attracted her to the window, where there was a lot of food with a note from her neighbour, explaining that she had purchased enough food. ⑦ After the storm, her front garden had been flooded. ⑧ Vegetables and flowers lowered their heads as if dead. ⑨ Trees were snapped in two and rubbish scattered everywhere. ⑩ But it was human kindness that burnt bright.

(二)模因互動

在語言教學中,模因互動通常情況下是指教師引導學生對模因輸出展開評價。在這一活動中,教師不僅應對學生的模因輸出進行評價并給出建議,還要引導學生進行互相評改、自我評改[4]。

小組寫作評價活動可“發揮評價的激勵作用和促學功能,對英語教學形成積極正面的反撥作用”[5]。因此,教師設計了寫作評價表(如表1所示),讓學生以小組為單位展開評價。表1主要考查學生使用“災害防范”主題的感官描寫模因、具象詞匯模因和修辭手法模因情況。

根據表1,學生認為上文的習作使用了“災害防范”主題的感官描寫模因、具象詞匯模因和修辭手法模因,使得讀后續寫主題更鮮明,情節更符合邏輯,語言更豐富多彩。具體

評價如下:一是在描寫暴風雨中的場景和人們的感受時使用了視覺描寫(如句①),明喻修辭、擬人修辭和倒裝修辭三種修辭手法(如句①②⑤)以及具象詞匯(如句①的unspeakable和twirling,句③的beating,句④的fly、running、pressing和pushing);二是在描寫暴風雨后Sarah家前院的場景時使用了具象詞匯(如句⑧的vegetables、flowers和lowered,句⑨的trees、snapped、rubbish和scattered),擬人修辭、夸張修辭兩種修辭手法(如句⑧)。正是有了這些描寫語言模因的使用,該習作凸顯了災害面前人性的溫暖,成功地進行了一次模因輸出。

借助模因論培養學生的讀后續寫描寫能力為讀后續寫教學提供了新方法。在模因論視域下,教師讓學生意識到讀后續寫的敘事方式并非只是平鋪直敘,而是可以運用同一主題的感官描寫模因、具象詞匯模因和修辭手法模因進行描寫,以使文章情節更加生動、主題更加鮮明。模因論視域下讀后續寫描寫能力培養的四個階段是環環相扣、層層遞進的:模因輸入有助于學生理解同一主題的語言模因,同化語言知識;模因保持可以幫助學生記憶同一主題的語言模因,培養語言能力;模因輸出和模因互動能夠讓學生創造性地使用同一主題的語言模因進行輸出,并開展評價活動,形成語言素養。這一過程有助于學生在主題意義的探究過程中,形成同一主題的描寫知識,實現知識向能力、能力向素養的轉化。

參考文獻:

[1]劉慶思,陳康.關于一年兩考高考英語試卷中讀后續寫設計的研究[J].中小學外語教學(中學篇),2016(1):1-5.

[2]SURIYANTI S, YAACOB A. Explo-

ring teacher strategies in teaching descriptive writing in Indonesia[J]. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 2016(13): 71-95.

[3]何自然.語言中的模因[J].語言科學,2005(6):54-64.

[4]李登忠.基于模因論的高中英語寫作教學研究[J].英語教師,2020(18):55-57.

[5]中華人民共和國教育部.普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版2020年修訂)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2020:81.

附:“災害防范”主題閱讀文章及讀后續寫要求

閱讀下面材料,根據其內容和所給段落開頭語續寫兩段,使之構成一篇完整的短文。

When there was news that a storm was coming, Sarah didnt think much about it. She simply shrugged it off like any other normal day. When she went to the grocery store and saw that it was full, she still didnt worry.

People ran like mad between aisles (過道), grabbing what they could. Bare shelves and long lines made Sarah chuckle (竊笑). They must be overreacting, she thought.

On her way home, she looked overhead. Dark clouds were indeed forming. And they seemed to be moving quickly across the sky. Still, Sarah was not bothered. The rain would be nice since it had been warm lately.

When she got home, Sarah made popcorn and sat on the sofa with her dog, Cooper, and got ready to watch a movie.

Just as she hit play on the remote, she heard the thunder. Rain started to come down hard, making it almost impossible to see the trees in her front garden through the window. Cooper immediately jumped from the sofa, barking in fear in the corner.

“Its OK.” Sarah said. She moved to one side and saw Cooper looked a bit nervous. Sarah turned off the movie and instead skipped to the local news station. The storm was much more serious than she had thought. People in a nearby city even said they spotted a tornado. The repor-

ter advised people to stay inside and secure all of the doors and windows.

Sarah got up and began making her way around the house. Cooper followed behind as she checked all of the windows to make sure they were all fully closed. By the time she got back to her sofa, the rain had stopped. “That wasnt so bad,” Sarah said aloud, “Just a nice shower.”

She turned to cooper, who had gone back to the corner and still looked a bit frightened. She looked outside. It was actually very calm, but she could see that the wind was picking up. The branches of the trees were swinging and the garbage bin had tipped over.

注意:

1.續寫詞數應為150 左右。

2.請按如下格式進行續寫。

Obviously, a storm was on its way.

Trapped at home, Sarah wondered how she could survive.

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