來氏聚落再生規(guī)劃設(shè)計，杭州，浙江

2022-10-25 08:26:52常青,ZHUYayun

世界建筑 2022年10期

關(guān)鍵詞：文化設(shè)計

設(shè)計主持：常青

方案設(shè)計：常青，張鵬，沈黎

合作設(shè)計：呂峰，陳捷，徐永利，胡濤，鄒勛，陳曦，劉旻，殷勇

結(jié)構(gòu)形式：木結(jié)構(gòu)，磚木結(jié)構(gòu)

場地面積：238,153m2

建筑面積：155,909m2

建筑高度：24m以下

設(shè)計時間：2002

Principal Architect: CHANG Qing

Schematic Design: CHANG Qing,ZHANG Peng, SHEN Li

Cooperative Architects: LYU Feng,

CHEN Jie, XU Yongli, HU Tao,

ZOU Xun, CHEN Xi, LIU Min, YIN Yong

Structure: Wooden structure, brick and timber structure

Site Area: 238,153 m2

Floor Area: 155,909 m2

Building Height: Under 24 m

Design Time: 2002

杭州來氏聚落位于錢塘江南岸的長河古鎮(zhèn)中心地段，自宋明以來產(chǎn)生過許多名仕鴻儒，和以“九廳十三堂”為代表的宗族人文景觀。經(jīng)過20 世紀(jì)后半葉以來的時代大潮滌蕩，這個望族聚落今已衰朽不堪，面臨著艱難邁向城鎮(zhèn)化和快速喪失風(fēng)土資源的雙重現(xiàn)實。

1996 年長河鎮(zhèn)從蕭山縣劃入杭州市濱江區(qū)，2002 年常青率團(tuán)隊接受了長河來氏聚落保護(hù)與再生規(guī)劃設(shè)計委托。設(shè)計策略的核心是結(jié)構(gòu)性保護(hù)和適應(yīng)性再生，可概括為：延續(xù)地志——基于史地維度的聚落所在地貌和地景重塑；保持地脈——基于環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu)的聚落肌理和空間關(guān)系梳理；保留地標(biāo)——基于文化記憶的聚落建筑保存修復(fù)和活化再生。具體的設(shè)計要點如下：

（1）完整保留聚落的結(jié)構(gòu)肌理，原址、原貌地系統(tǒng)修復(fù)水系溝渠，實測和整飭老街街廓和宅院，根據(jù)族譜和踏勘確定“九廳十三堂”遺址遺構(gòu)，提出修復(fù)和復(fù)建方案。

（2）對具時代典型性和再生價值的聚落公共建筑進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性再生設(shè)計，如將長河集鎮(zhèn)文化中心這一“革命現(xiàn)代式”簡易廳堂建筑進(jìn)行整飭和適度加建（后被拆除）。

（3）在聚落歷史空間肌理中“嵌入”以新材料設(shè)計的新風(fēng)土建筑群，例如對當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)空斗墻的參考以及太陽能利用等，都納入了設(shè)計考量，包括了輕鋼系列的聯(lián)排住宅，鋼木、混凝土系列的躍式住宅等設(shè)計方案。

總之，本項目設(shè)計的關(guān)鍵是把握風(fēng)土聚落的地脈結(jié)構(gòu)和生活習(xí)俗變化趨勢, 將不同歷史階段的空間遺產(chǎn)和新舊設(shè)計要素整合起來，把歷史脈絡(luò)有機地“編織”到新的城市演化進(jìn)程之中。該規(guī)劃設(shè)計成果促使長河鎮(zhèn)（后改制為街道）成為杭州十大歷史文化街區(qū)之一，獲瑞士首屆豪瑞（Holcim）可持續(xù)建筑大獎賽亞太地區(qū)金獎。□

Hangzhou's Lai Clan Settlement, located in the heart of the ancient town of Changhe on the south bank of the Qiantang River, has produced several illustrious scholars since the Song(960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties and developed kinship cultural sites represented by the "nine ting (reception rooms) and thirteen tang (halls)". Affected by the vicissitudes of the second half of the 20th century, this prominent clan settlement has fallen into decay, facing the double whammy of radical urbanisation and a rapid loss of vernacular resources.

After Changhe Town, previously administered by Xiaoshan County, was placed under the jurisdiction of Binjiang District of Hangzhou City in 1996, the team led by Professor CHANG Qing from Tongji University was tasked with the conservation and regeneration design of Changhe's Lai Clan Settlement in 2002. Core to the design strategy is the preservation of spatial texture and adaptive regeneration. The essential ideas can be summarised as follows: (1)continuation of topography, which is reshaping the settlement's appearances and landscape according to the historical and geographic dimensions; (2)maintenance of geographic context (dimai), which refers to organising the built texture and spatial relationships in accordance with the settlement's environmental structures; (3) preservation of landmarks, which involves restoring and regenerating the historic buildings based on the cultural memory. The specifics are detailed below.

Firstly, preserving intact the structural texture of the settlement, including works such as systematically repairing the waterways and ditches in situ and in accordance with their original appearances; surveying and reorganising old streets and houses; and developing a restoration and reconstruction plan for the "nine ting and thirteen tang" heritage site based on the clan pedigree and site survey.

Secondly, conducting adaptive reuse design for the settlement's public buildings that are representative of the time and have regeneration values, as exemplified by the renovation and moderate expansion of the Culture Centre of Changhe Town,which featured a "revolutionary modern style"(unfortunately, this building was demolished later) .

Thirdly, "embedding" novel vernacular buildings made with new materials into the historic fabric of the settlement, as evidenced by the reference to the local traditional hollow walls(kongdou qiang) and the use of solar panels, as well as the light-steel Town House series, the steelwood and concrete structured duplex houses, etc.

In conclusion, the key to the design of this project is fully understanding the geographic structure of the vernacular settlement and the changing trend of living customs, integrating the built heritage of various historical eras with both old and new design elements, and "weaving" the historic fabric organically into the process of new urban evolution. Changhe Town (later changed to Changhe Street) became one of Hangzhou's Ten Historic and Cultural Districts as a result of this plan, which also earned the inaugural Holcim Gold Award for Sustainable Construction in Asia Pacific in 2005.□(Translated by ZHU Yayun)

2 方案生成分析Design generation diagram

3 調(diào)研實錄On-site research

4 設(shè)計前后總平面布局比較General layout before and after design

豪瑞可持續(xù)建筑大獎賽評語

該項目的創(chuàng)新之處在于它對中國老舊城市（城中村）問題采取批判且態(tài)度積極的立場。方案成功地展示了無需大規(guī)模拆除或替換工作，新的城市空間依然能夠融于傳統(tǒng)街區(qū)的肌理之中，從而提升了對可持續(xù)發(fā)展重要性的認(rèn)識。同樣令人信服的一點是，為了深入了解大家族的現(xiàn)實狀況，設(shè)計團(tuán)隊與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用襁M(jìn)行了具有倫理敏感性的深入接觸。該項目高度關(guān)注文化和地脈因素，提供了高品質(zhì)的社會空間和物理空間。從生態(tài)角度而言，該項目通過在現(xiàn)有條件下進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性活化、使用當(dāng)?shù)夭牧弦约肮?jié)約成本的細(xì)部設(shè)計，為節(jié)能課題提供了重要的經(jīng)驗。通過減少材料資源的消耗和追求設(shè)計的再生能力，該項目以具有說服力的方式實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟平衡。此外，在城市環(huán)境當(dāng)代表達(dá)的發(fā)展過程中，該方案展示了遺產(chǎn)如何被視為美學(xué)資產(chǎn)的延伸意義。□

5 鳥瞰效果Aerial view rendering

6 “九廳十三堂”分布Distribution map of "nine ting (reception rooms) and thirteen tang (halls)"

8 慎儉堂復(fù)原Restoration of Shenjian Hall

9 會宗堂復(fù)原Restoration of Huizong Hall

7 來氏名人譜系略圖Genealogy chart of Lai clan

Comment of the Holcim Awards 2005

for Asia Pacific

The innovation of the project is its critical,yet responsive position relative to the issue of aging cities in China. The scheme successfully demonstrates how new urban spaces can be integrated within the texture of traditional neighborhoods without wholesale demolition or replacement, thus raising awareness of the importance of sustainability. Also convincing is the ethically sensitive engagement with local residents in order to gain insight into the reality of extended families. With acute attention given to cultural as well as contextual factors, the project provides heightened standards of social and physical space. Ecologically, the project offers important lessons in energy conservation by suggesting an adaptive revitalisation of existing conditions, the use of local materials, and costeffective detailing. By proposing to reduce the consumption of material resources and pursue the regenerative capacities of design, the project provides sound evidence of how to achieve an economic balance.

Additionally, the scheme has extended relevance in showing how heritage can be conceived as an aesthetic asset in the development of a contemporary expression for urban environments.□