南海佛學(xué)院方案設(shè)計，三亞，海南

設(shè)計主持：常青

方案設(shè)計：常青，張鵬，王紅軍，劉偉

合作設(shè)計：巨凱夫，吳雨航，趙英亓，門暢，劉思遠(yuǎn)

結(jié)構(gòu)形式：框架結(jié)構(gòu)， 砌體結(jié)構(gòu)

場地面積：412,122m2

建筑面積：76,095m2

建筑高度：24m

設(shè)計時間：2015

Principal Architect: CHANG Qing

Schematic Design: CHANG Qing,ZHANG Peng, WANG Hongjun, LIU Wei Cooperative Architects: JU Kaifu,WU Yuhang, ZHAO Yingqi, MEN Chang,LIU Siyuan

Structure: Frame structure, masonry

structure

Site Area: 412,122 m2

Floor Area: 76,095 m2

Building Height: 24 m

Design Time: 2015

南海佛學(xué)院位于海南省三亞市南山文化旅游區(qū)內(nèi)，東鄰南山寺?；钒矫婧?，形勢左輔右弼，居中的北峰制高點為120m。2015 年常青應(yīng)邀率團(tuán)隊參加了設(shè)計方案征集。

學(xué)院總體布局“一干三支”，呈狹長形展開。院總部位于北峰南坡，漢傳、南傳和藏傳三傳佛教的3 個分院沿基地東西向一字排開，均有獨立的禪堂、佛殿和教學(xué)樓，學(xué)員宿舍、食堂等附屬建筑。另在院總部西側(cè)山頭上建可對外服務(wù)的佛教文化體驗區(qū)和驛館，并預(yù)留了后續(xù)發(fā)展空間。設(shè)計依山就勢設(shè)置環(huán)形機動車道和路邊停車場，以步行動線——“菩提林蔭道”東西貫穿校園各分部，循等高線和山體坡度選擇適宜的蹬道走向。

形態(tài)設(shè)計提煉三傳佛教建筑語言，將之類比和轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)代佛學(xué)院的建筑意象。

院總部：基地中軸線上自北而南依次為：院圖書館——“三藏閣”，品字形平面，樓臺造型，臺上立3 座玻璃采光塔，中央塔下為圖書館大廳；三傳佛學(xué)講堂——“五明樓”，曼陀羅平面，中央為圓形的“四諦堂”，周邊以環(huán)形蹬道連接上下，上部設(shè)三重的圓形戒壇，壇頂矗立一座鈦合金雙穹骨架的現(xiàn)代窣堵坡；學(xué)院集會大廳——“海會廳”，平面方形，為創(chuàng)意東南亞塔廟造型。

三傳區(qū)：南傳區(qū)自北向南在中軸線上布置方丈院、禪堂和佛殿，又以禪堂為東西軸線之西端，跨谷建南北對稱的研修院和會堂，塑造了現(xiàn)代古典的東南亞佛寺；漢傳區(qū)位于校園東端，自南向北分為前中后三院，前院為迎賓接待區(qū)，中院為禪修區(qū)，以水天一色的蓮花池為中心，布置環(huán)廊及釋迦堂，水池下部利用地形高差，設(shè)置可用于千人法會的上善堂，建筑形體為平頂新中式；藏傳區(qū)采用因山就勢、靈活自由的布局，亦以現(xiàn)代方式表達(dá)藏式碉樓的顯著特征?！?/p>

The Nanhai Buddhist Academy is situated in the Nanshan Cultural Tourism Zone in Sanya City, Hainan Province, neighbouring the Nanshan Temple in the east. The site nestles in the mountain and overlooks the sea. The terrain provides natural support and protection, with the North Peak at an elevation of 120 m in the middle. In 2015, Professor CHANG Qing's team was invited to participate in the design competition.

The academy has a "one stem and three branches" layout, spreading in a long and narrow shape. The headquarters are located on the southern slope of the North Peak, where the colleges of Chinese Buddhism, Theravāda Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism are aligned along the east-west direction of the site, each with its own meditation halls, Buddha halls,teaching centres, and other affiliated buildings such as dormitories and canteens. In addition,a Buddhist culture experience centre and a hotel for visitors are built on the hilltop to the west of the headquarters, with additional space reserved for future development. Adapting to the mountain's topography, a circular road and roadside parking lots are constructed; a pavement, the "Bodhi Tree Boulevard", meanders from east to west across the campus, while suitable flights of steps lead up to the mountain,following the mountain's contour and slopes.

The form-making of the individual buildings is inspired by the iconic architectural elements of the three Buddhist schools, analogising and converting them into the architectural imagery of a contemporary Buddhist academy.

1 規(guī)劃鳥瞰Aerial view rendering

The headquarters are positioned orderly on the central axis of the site. From north to south,first is the library, "Sanzang Tower" or Tripitaka Tower, which has a triangular plan, resembling the Chinese character of "pin", and takes the form of a tower with three glass pagodas atop the terrace and the library foyer beneath the central pagoda. The second structure is the auditorium, "Wuming Tower" or Tower of Five Sciences, which has a mandala plan with the circular "Sidi Hall" (Hall of Four Noble Truths)at its centre and hoop-shaped flights of stairs surrounding it. On top of the hall is a threelayered round ordination altar mounted by a modern-style stupa with a titanium alloy doubledome structure. The third is the assembly hall,"Haihui Hall" or Hall of Great Virtue, which has a square plan and assumes the innovative pagodas and temples of Southeast Asia.

Regarding the three colleges, the College of Theravada Buddhism has the abbot's quarters,the meditation hall, and the Buddha Hall built on the central axis from north to south, and a seminary and a meeting hall, symmetrically located in the north-south direction, are constructed across the valley to the western end of the mediation hall, thereby creating a modern classical Southeast Asian Buddhist temple. The College of Chinese Buddhism is situated on the eastern side of the campus and is separated into three courtyards running south to north. The front courtyard serves as the reception area,while the middle courtyard is the mediation area, with the winding verandas and the Shijia Hall (Hall of ?ākyamuni) erected around the lotus pond that reflects the azure sky. Taking advantage of the terrain's height difference,the flat-roof new Chinese-style Shangshan Hall(Hall of Highest Goodness) is built at the lower portion of the pond and can accommodate a Buddhist service of 1000 attendees. The College of Tibetan Buddhism adopts a flexible and free layout by following the mountain contour, as well as presenting the distinctive features of the Tibetan dzongs in a contemporary manner.□(Translated by ZHU Yayun)

項目評論

2015 年，曾參加南海佛學(xué)院的概念設(shè)計方案討論，常青教授團(tuán)隊的概念設(shè)計方案給我留下了較為深刻的印象，今天再重讀，依然感覺其不失為一個具有創(chuàng)新和探索精神的典范。常教授在方案初始階段所提出的“古韻新風(fēng)”理念，在方案設(shè)計中得到了一以貫之的體現(xiàn)。

方案利用了沿海面展開的層疊綿延的山體，貼切地將海南佛學(xué)院三傳佛教的3 個功能區(qū)依山而筑，由海邊拾級而上所抵達(dá)的總部功能位于場地較為居中的部位，以服務(wù)于3 個功能區(qū)，并由此形成佛學(xué)院的主要對外形象。這樣一種融入自然的場地處理，也體現(xiàn)了“人間佛教”所倡導(dǎo)的“歡喜與融合，同體與共生”的理念；規(guī)劃布局與山體環(huán)境的一體化處理，使得作者推陳出新的初心有了賴以生存的基礎(chǔ)，反而會以更為平和的心態(tài)去研究建筑空間與形態(tài)的表達(dá)，映照了作者厚積薄發(fā)的傳統(tǒng)文化積淀和與時俱進(jìn)的當(dāng)代建筑思考，如以虛空架構(gòu)處理的戒壇，擯棄傳統(tǒng)大屋頂而將古寺原型意象提煉后加以現(xiàn)代建構(gòu)處理等，這種在主功能區(qū)弱化三傳佛教中某一種傳統(tǒng)建筑類型的現(xiàn)代建筑處理方式，也更容易得到三傳佛教人士對于建筑形式的認(rèn)同感。

建筑形態(tài)充分考慮山地建筑以仰視為主的思考角度，也為佛塔輕盈的重檐處理手法提供了依據(jù)。而在三傳佛教各自功能區(qū)的處理中，分別通過嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)軸線、院落組合、依山就勢等的總體布局及不同的建筑表現(xiàn)方式，盡可能體現(xiàn)三傳佛教各自的鮮明個性，并通過功能區(qū)域的不同布局方式傳遞其典型的空間意境。方案以背山面海的山地景觀將整個建筑群統(tǒng)一在綠樹掩映的環(huán)境之中，依舊保持“天際連綿逶迤、地脈龍盤虎踞”的地貌特色則是場地的幸運。

汪孝安

全國工程勘察設(shè)計大師華建集團(tuán)華東建筑設(shè)計研究院總建筑師

4 五明樓一點透視One point perspective rendering of Wuming Tower

6 院總部主體景觀鳥瞰效果Aerial view rendering of the main landscape

Comments

In 2015, when I served on the jury for the concept design competition of the Nanhai Buddhist Academy, I was impressed by the design proposal submitted by Professor CHANG Qing's team from Tongji University. Reviewing it today, I still believe it is a model of innovation and exploration. At the onset of the project,Professor CHANG presented the concept of "new style with ancient resonance" (guyun xinfeng),which the design has consistently exemplified.

Utilising the rolling mountain that commands the ocean, the design builds three Buddhist colleges along the mountain slopes. It places the headquarters in the relatively central part of the site, which can be reached via stairs from the seaside, to provide services for the three colleges and thus shape the perceived image of the academy. The fusion of the built environment with nature exemplifies the "Joy and Harmony,Oneness and Co-existence" doctrine advocated by Humanistic Buddhism. The integrated treatment of the building layout and mountainous surroundings gives the architect's original ideal of innovation a sustainable foundation, allowing him to focus on the expression of architectural form in a more composed manner, reflecting his profound understanding of traditional culture and progressive ideas on contemporary architecture. For example, the ordination altar is designed with a light, transparent structure,and the traditional big roof for Buddhist halls has been abandoned in favour of refined imagery of the ancient temple prototype. This modern architectural practice undermines the dominant built forms of any of the three Buddhist schools and has a greater chance of winning the recognition from Buddhists of various traditions.

Meanwhile, the architectural form thoroughly considers the fact that mountain buildings are best viewed from a worm's-eye view, exemplified by the treatment of the pagoda with graceful multiple eaves. The colleges of the three Buddhist schools are designed to embody their salient characteristics through various architectural expressions, overall layout of the rigorous axis,courtyard combination, following the mountain contour, as well as to convey their typical spatial imagery through the different layouts of these areas. The design creates a landscape that rests on the mountain and faces the sea, and situates the entire building complex amid the lush trees,so as to maintain the idyllic topography of"winding and rolling mountains against the edge of the sky; coiling dragon and crouching tiger on the earth". (Translated by ZHU Yayun)

WANG Xiao'an

National Master of Engineering Design and Geotechnique Investigation Chief Architect, East China Architectural Design &Research Institute

13 南傳區(qū)主體景觀鳥瞰效果Aerial view rendering of the College of Theravada Buddhism

14 漢傳區(qū)中軸主景效果Rendering of the main axis of the College of Chinese Buddhism

15 漢傳區(qū)上善堂頂部水庭效果Rendering of water court of the Shangshan Hall

16 藏傳區(qū)鳥瞰效果Aerial view rendering of the College of Tibetan Buddhism