

摘要:目的 總結(jié)分析生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌血流感染患者的臨床特點及易感因素,提高臨床診治水平。方法 回顧性分析北京醫(yī)院收治的1例生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌血流感染患者的臨床資料,并進行相關(guān)文獻復習。中文以“生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌”為檢索詞,英文以“Capnocytophaga sputigena”為檢索詞,檢索PubMed/Medline、Embase、中國期刊網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(CNKI)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(Wanfang)、維普網(wǎng)(VIP)、中國生物醫(yī)學文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫(CBM)等數(shù)據(jù)庫,納入文獻范圍為2021年10月10日前發(fā)表的所有中文及英文文獻。結(jié)果 患者男,22歲,左側(cè)頜面部腫瘤3程化療后,第4程化療前出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱寒顫,白細胞及中性粒細胞升高,血培養(yǎng)需氧瓶及厭氧瓶均為生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌。文獻檢索共檢索國內(nèi)外病歷報道37例,其中34例報道了明確的治療方案。結(jié)合本例患者,共35例,其中女性18例,男性16例,未知性別1例,年齡介于0~94歲。感染部位方面,20例患者為血流感染,其中4例同時合并其它部位的感染。除1例患者流產(chǎn)后沒有給予任何藥物治療外,34例患者接受了基于β-內(nèi)酰胺類藥物的治療方案,有5例患者同時接受了外科手段干預。在隨訪過程中,5例患者死亡。結(jié)論 生痰二氧化碳纖維菌引起的感染臨床少見,美國臨床和實驗室標準化協(xié)會(CLSI)并未對生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌推薦藥敏試驗方法及折點范圍,臨床中多經(jīng)驗性使用基于β-內(nèi)酰胺類藥物的治療方案。疾病預后較好。
關(guān)鍵詞:生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌;血流感染
中圖分類號:R978.1 文獻標志碼:A
Capnocytophaga sputigena bacteremia: Case report and review of literatures
Liang Liang1, Ju Yang2, Huang Ying-ying3, Ge Chun-yue4, Weng Jian-zhen2, Zhu Yuan Chao1, and Shi Xin4
(1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730; 2 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatrics Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730; 3 Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital,
National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatrics Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730;
4 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine,
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730)
Abstract Objective To analyze the clinical characteristic and risk factor of Capnocytophaga sputigena bacteremia. Methods A patient with Capnocytophaga sputigena bacteremia was review. We conducted a literature search using the database of PubMed/Medline, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and CBM before October 10th, 2021. Results" " A 22-year-old male patient received three cycles chemo-therapy because of left maxillofacial tumor. Before the forth cycle chemotherapy, he had a fever with chills and elevated white blood cells. Both the aerobic and anaerobic were Capnocytophaga sputigena. A total of 37 cases were reported, 34 of which listed therapy regimen. 35 cases were included. 18 were female, 16 were male, and one unknow. 20 were bacteremia, seven were pulmonary infection, three were infection of soft tissue and bone, one was ocular infection, and one was umbilical corditis. 34 patients except one received beta-lactam-based therapy regimen. Five patients received drainage or surgery. Five patients died during follow-up, three died from infection, two died from other disease. Conclusion" " Capnocytophaga sputigena infection was a rare disease. There was no antimicrobial susceptibility testing and breakpoint for Capnocytophaga sputigena by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Empirical treatment was beta-lactam-based therapy regimen.
Key words Capnocytophaga sputigena; Bacteremia
二氧化碳嗜纖維菌屬(Capnocytophaga spp)是口腔中正常定值細菌,主要包括9種亞型[1]。其中生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌可見于健康人群及牙周炎患者,為條件性致病菌[2],可引起敗血癥及其它內(nèi)源性感染(包括子宮內(nèi)膜炎、腹膜炎、軟組織感染等)[3-4]。生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌血流感染國內(nèi)外報道較少,本文報道了1例腫瘤化療后面部及血流感染的患者,并進行相關(guān)文獻復習,以為臨床中該細菌感染的治療提供參考。
1 病例介紹
患者男性,22歲,因“左側(cè)峽部腺泡狀軟組織肉瘤”于北京醫(yī)院腫瘤科給予白蛋白紫杉醇(200 mg/m2, D1)+表柔比星(100 mg/m2, D3)、白蛋白紫杉醇(200 mg/m2, D1)+表柔比星(100 mg/m2, D3)+貝伐珠單抗(700 mg, D1) 及卡瑞利珠單抗(200mg, D1)+甲磺酸阿帕替尼0.25 g qd化療各一程完成化療。擬行第4程卡瑞利珠單抗+甲磺酸阿帕替尼化療,于2021年8月27日入院?;颊呷朐汉螅?月28日出現(xiàn)高熱,體溫最高40.5℃,伴寒戰(zhàn)及乏力,查白細胞12.52×109/L,中性粒細胞百分率85.1%,C反應蛋白18.5 mg/dl,降鈣素原7.82 ng/mL?;颊吣壳澳[瘤控制不佳,張口受限,口腔衛(wèi)生無法保證,考慮口腔來源細菌感染可能性大,經(jīng)驗性給予美羅培南+甲硝唑治療。8月31日,血培養(yǎng)報警,抽出培養(yǎng)物,接種到血平板、中國藍、巧克力培養(yǎng)皿上,放入5% CO2,37℃溫箱中培養(yǎng),48 h后在血平板及巧克力平板上發(fā)現(xiàn)菌落,菌落涂片革蘭染色為革蘭陰性桿菌。經(jīng)VITEK MS全自動快速微生物質(zhì)譜檢測系統(tǒng)(法國Bio-Merieux公司)鑒定,9月1日結(jié)果回報為生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌,置信度為99%。擬將治療方案調(diào)整為哌拉西林/他唑巴坦+克林霉素,患者哌拉西林/他唑巴坦皮試后出現(xiàn)全身皮膚紅疹伴嚴重瘙癢,自9月2日起給予美羅培南1 g q8 h聯(lián)合克林霉素磷酸酯0.6 g q12 h方案治療,自9月7日起,患者體溫恢復正常,未再次出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱。2021年9月8日,患者復查白細胞11.93×109/L,中性粒細胞81.2%,降鈣素原降至0.05 ng/mL,較前好轉(zhuǎn)。2021年9月9日,患者B超見左側(cè)頜面部腫物內(nèi)部新出現(xiàn)液化區(qū),故于當日行B超下穿刺引流。2021年9月18日,患者引流液培養(yǎng)結(jié)果回報為生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌,但血培養(yǎng)陰性??紤]患者靜脈抗生素已滿2周,將抗感染方案降階梯為莫西沙星0.4 g qd+頭孢曲松2 g qd繼續(xù)治療1周?;颊咭话闱闆r良好,于2021年9月23日出院回腫瘤科序貫化療。
2 文獻復習
利用PubMed、Embse、萬方、CNKI檢索,中文以“生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌”,英文以“Capnocytophaga sputigena”為檢索詞進行檢索。共29篇報道34例,其中英文文獻25篇30例,中文文獻4篇4例。另有多篇日文及法文病例報道,及一篇中文會議論文,因無法獲取全文,并未納入最后分析。加入本病例報道1例,納入35例患者基本情況及治療方案見表1。
35例病例中,女性18例,男性16例,未知性別1例。年齡介于0~94歲,其中新生兒7例,健康孕婦3例,兒童及青少年患者4例,65歲以上老年患者9例?;A(chǔ)疾病方面,9例患者患有血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤或急重癥再生障礙性貧血,8例患者有實體腫瘤基礎(chǔ)疾病史,其中5例處于疾病穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),2例處于疾病活動期,1例為化療后骨髓抑制中性粒細胞缺乏。5例患者既往基礎(chǔ)疾病較多,存在2種或2種以上基礎(chǔ)疾病。13例患者明確存在著免疫抑制情況,18例患者無免疫抑制情況,其它4例患者無法判斷是否存在免疫抑制。
感染部位方面,20例患者血培養(yǎng)陽性,表現(xiàn)為血流感染,其中4例同時合并其它部位的感染。7例表現(xiàn)為肺部感染,5例為肺炎,1例為肺膿腫,1例為膿胸。3例孕婦為羊膜腔感染。另5例中, 3例為骨骼肌肉軟組織感染,1例為眼部感染,1例為新生兒臍帶炎。
治療方面,1例患者流產(chǎn)后沒有給予任何藥物治療,另34例患者給予了藥物治療,其中5例同時合并外科手術(shù)或引流干預。總體藥物治療方案是基于β-內(nèi)酰胺類藥物的治療方案。8例患者使用了基于阿莫西林的治療方案,8例患者使用了基于碳青霉烯的治療方案(美羅培南7,亞胺培南1),6例患者使用基于氨芐西林的治療方案,5例患者使用了基于哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的治療方案,5例患者使用了基于頭孢菌素的治療方案(頭孢吡肟2,頭孢噻肟2,頭孢曲松1),1例患者使用了氯唑西林,1例患者使用了敏感藥物,但具體藥物不詳。
轉(zhuǎn)歸方面,5例患者死亡,其中3例死于感染,2例患者感染好轉(zhuǎn),死于其它疾病。4例孕婦中,3例因?qū)m內(nèi)感染而早產(chǎn),胎兒感染經(jīng)治療后痊愈,1例流產(chǎn)。其余23例經(jīng)過治療后感染痊愈。
3 討論
二氧化碳嗜纖維菌為兼性厭氧無動力革蘭陰性菌,但具有“滑行”運動能力,屬于黃桿菌科,為苛養(yǎng)菌。主要包括9種亞型:狗咬二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. canimorsus)、犬咬二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. cympdegmi)、黃褐二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. ochracea)、牙齦二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. gingivalis)、生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. sputigena)、溶血二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. haemolytica)、顆粒二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. granulosa)、利德貝特二氧化碳嗜纖維菌(C. leadbetteri)和AHN8471基因[34]。
生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌屬于人類口腔的正常菌群,但不是主要菌群,為條件性致病菌。1988年,國外報道了第一例由生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌引起的角膜感染,患者免疫功能正常,且無口腔問題[35]。生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌引起的感染少見,近年來的報道主要集中于孕期宮內(nèi)感染、新生兒感染。
生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌感染的病例報道較少,尚不明確感染的危險因素,有報道顯示在免疫抑制的患者中多見[36]。但在病例復習中,僅有12例患者明確存在免疫抑制,18例患者均為免疫力正常人群。除7例新生兒感染來源于母體宮內(nèi)感染,6例有明確風險因素(包括口腔黏膜破潰,外傷等),尚有8例患者未找到明確感染的風險因素。本例患者基礎(chǔ)疾病為左側(cè)峽部腺泡狀軟組織肉瘤,前兩程化療對腫瘤療效不佳,腫瘤持續(xù)增大,第三程更換化療方案后,腫瘤未見繼續(xù)增大。生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌屬于人類口腔的正常菌,患者此次化療后,黏膜破潰,口腔中正常菌異位入血,同時腫瘤組織壞死,局部液化感染。盡管患者自始至終并未出現(xiàn)骨髓抑制及中性粒細胞缺乏,也未見明確的免疫抑制(化療用藥為PD1+血管內(nèi)皮細胞生長因子受體抑制劑),但患者自發(fā)病以來左側(cè)面峽部腫脹,無法張口,無法進行正常的口腔清潔,口腔衛(wèi)生存在著一定的問題,可能是生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌引起頜面部及血流感染的危險因素。
生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌為兼性厭氧菌,通常對廣譜β-內(nèi)酰胺類、大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類、四環(huán)素類和喹諾酮類藥物敏感,但對氨基糖苷類及黏菌素類藥物耐藥,對常見的抗厭氧菌藥物敏感性存疑[4]。目前已有檢出產(chǎn)β-內(nèi)酰胺酶及多重耐藥菌株,但通常對碳青霉烯類藥物敏感[5,37]。美國臨床和實驗室標準化協(xié)會(CLSI)并未對生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌推薦藥敏試驗方法及折點范圍[38]。生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌目前尚無標準治療方案,目前臨床中多經(jīng)驗性使用基于β-內(nèi)酰胺類藥物的治療方案[39]。本例患者中,參照第48版《桑德福抗微生物治療指南》中對二氧化碳嗜纖維菌屬的敏感藥物推薦,擬經(jīng)驗性給予哌拉西林/他唑巴坦+克林霉素的治療方案,但患者因全身皮疹,最后給予美羅培南聯(lián)合克林霉素磷酸酯治療。
生痰二氧化碳嗜纖維菌感染的總體預后較好,34例患者中,僅有3例因感染而死亡,其中2例合并血液系統(tǒng)疾病,存在重度免疫抑制及中性粒細胞缺乏,另1例為94歲高齡老年患者,基礎(chǔ)疾病較多且多臟器功能不全。本例中患者腫瘤在頜面部位,無法去除感染的危險因素,抗感染治療周期較長。文獻報道中大多病例經(jīng)一周左右的抗感染治療后,感染均恢復良好,未遺留相關(guān)后遺癥。
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