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選項推理法秒解高考四選一閱讀

2023-08-02 11:55:22邵晨
廣東教育·高中 2023年7期

邵晨

在高考英語試題中,四選一閱讀是所有閱讀題型中篇幅最長、難度最大、分值最高、區分度最明顯的一種題型。四選一閱讀理解題主要考查學生理解主旨要義、理解細節信息、推理判斷以及歸納概括的能力,這些能力通過細節理解題、猜測詞義(句意)題,推理判斷題、大意概括題、標題選擇題等不同題型進行綜合性考查。

傳統的四選一閱讀答題策略可以概括為:一找、二讀、三對比。“一找”是指閱讀題干找到關鍵詞,比如數字、人名、地名、機構名、項目名等,以借助其定位答案出處。“二讀”是指精讀通過關鍵詞定位到的關鍵段落及關鍵語句。“三對比”是指將四個選項與原文進行一一比對,進而選出最優答案。以上這種傳統的解題方法雖然在步驟和邏輯上無懈可擊,但并不適用于所有同學,尤其是單詞總量不過關、長難句理解有困難的基礎薄弱生,比如藝術體育類考生。為了幫助這些英語后進生在短時間內提高四選一閱讀的正答率,本文將介紹基于選項分析的邏輯推斷法,助力學生秒殺四選一閱讀。

根據國家教育考試院的命題要求,選擇題的題干應圍繞一個中心并且和選項的關系保持一致。此外,干擾項的有效性和迷惑性應能反映考生的典型錯誤,各選項的結構和語言長度應大體一致。已有學者研究表明,四選一閱讀中四個選項的命制并不是隨機無序的,而是按照不同類別進行邏輯分類的,不同類別的組合比例通常為2 : 2或者3 : 1,如果考生能夠仔細分析四個選項的邏輯類別,就能夠縮小選擇范圍,甚至可以做到在讀不懂文章的情況下,秒殺出正確答案。

那么,如何針對四個選項進行邏輯分析,并秒殺出正確答案呢?下面我們以近三年高考真題及各個地市的優質模擬題為例進行展示。

一、借助褒貶意分類,推斷正確選項

推理判斷題是四選一閱讀的必考題型之一,常常涉及對人、事、物等的觀點判斷,該題型中的選項常為形容詞,我們可以按照褒貶語義場將其分類,進而縮小選擇范圍,具體推理過程闡釋如下。

[例] 2023年深圳一模(閱讀理解B)

From cottages surrounded by impressive ?gardens ?to days spent exploring sandy ?beaches ?and deep ?woods ?filled with ?wildlife , in ?My Family and Other Animals , English writer Gerald Durrell provided a vivid account of his familys time on the Greek island of Corfu in the 1930s.

24. Which word best describes Durrells life in Corfu?

A. Risky. ?B. Busy. ?C. Tough. D. Diverse.

正確答案:D

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 歸納選項,得出猜想。

通過翻譯四個單詞的意思,我們發現A. Risky(危險的)B. Busy(忙碌的)C. Tough(困難的)都是負面評價的詞匯,且在這三個負向詞中,A和C選項有語義重疊的部分,只有D. Diverse(多樣的)是正面評價詞匯。因此,答案很有可能就是D選項,接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃讀原文,驗證猜想。

按照題文同序以及關鍵詞鎖定策略,我們可以確定這一題的答案在第一段。為了節省時間,我們并不推薦所有同學按照傳統解題方法,精讀第一段,總結歸納出答案。相反地,我們只需要掃描第一段中的關鍵詞,就會發現一些簡單詞匯如gardens、beaches、woods、wildlife等,這些詞能夠勾勒出一幅海島生活的優美畫卷,體現出海島生活的多樣性(diverse),因此,第一步的猜想得到驗證,正確答案為D。

小結: 以上基于選項分析的邏輯判斷法,能夠幫助詞匯量不足、長難句讀不懂的英語后進生找到解題的突破口,提高解題效率,提升自信心。再配合關鍵詞掃描法,進一步驗證答案,即可確保邏輯推理的準確性。這種先猜想再驗證的方法,打破了需讀懂題目和原文才能夠選出正確答案的壁壘,既能夠為英語先進生節約寶貴的考試時間,又能夠幫助知識儲備不足的英語后進生秒殺答案。

二、借助上下義分類,推斷正確選項

1.主旨大意題

主旨大意題作為四選一閱讀的高階必考題型,不管是文章大意還是段落大意,都是很多同學難以攻克的難關,因為選出正確答案一般要以理解文章內涵和把握作者意圖為前提。然而,借助對選項的邏輯分類,可以大大減少思維負擔,在該題型上實現彎道超車。根據語義場理論,上義詞是對事物的概括性、抽象性說明,而下義詞是事物的具體表現形式或更為具體的說明。借助上下義分類,有時可以秒殺出正確答案,具體推理過程闡釋如下。

[例1] 標題概括題

2023年教育部新課標高考適應性四省聯考(閱讀理解B)

As a young girl growing up in France, ?Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place. ?Her passion to help others was awakened when, from the age of nine, she accompanied her Tunisian father to his birthplace in the east of the country during holidays. There she organized homework clubs and activities for children.

Toumi ?witnessed first-hand the destructive effect of desertification. “Within 10 years rich farmers became worse off, and in 10 years from now they will be poor. I wanted to stop the Sahara Desert in its tracks.” A decrease in average rainfall and an increase in the severity of ?droughts ( ?干旱 ?) ?have led to an estimated 75 percent of Tunisias agricultural lands being threatened by desertification.

Toumi ?recognized that farming practices needed to change. She is confident that small land areas can bring large returns if farmers are able to adapt by planting sustainable crops, using new technologies for water treatment and focusing on natural products and fertilisers (肥料) rather than chemicals.

In 2012, Toumi ?consolidated her dream ?to fight the desert. ?She moved to Tunisia, and set up a programme named Acacias for All to put her sustainable farming philosophy into action. “I want to show young people in rural areas that they can create opportunities where they are. Nobody is better able to understand the impact of desertification and climate change than somebody who is living with no access to water.”

By September 2016, more than 130 ,000 acacia trees had been planted on 20 pilot farms, with farmers recording a 60 percent survival rate. Toumi estimates that some 3 million acacia trees are needed to protect Tunisias farmland. She expects to plant 1 million trees by 2018. In the next couple of years, ?Toumi ?hopes to extend the programme to Algeria and Morocco.

27.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

1.Saving Water in Tunisia

2.Planting Trees of Native Species

3.Holding back the Sahara

4.Fighting Poverty in North Africa

正確答案:C

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 歸納選項,得出猜想。

通過翻譯四個選項的意思,我們發現A. Saving Water(節約用水)B. Planting Trees(種樹)D. Fighting Poverty(對抗貧窮)都是包含具體行動的下義詞組,只有C. Holding back(抑制)是抽象的上義詞組。本題要求選出最佳標題,而標題通常都是帶有概括及歸納性質的上義詞,因此,答案很有可能是C選項,接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃讀原文,驗證猜想。

這里并不要求學生逐字逐句通讀文章、理解句意。相反地,學生只需要掃視全文,就會發現Toumi 這個人名是一個高頻復現詞。因此,這篇文章必定是圍繞Toumi這個人物展開敘述的,再結合第一段劃橫線的句子“Sarah Toumi dreamed of becoming a leader who could make the world a better place”,我們可以推斷出這篇文章是圍繞Toumi 的好人好事展開敘述的,那Toumi 究竟做了哪些好事?采取了什么行動讓世界變得更好呢?我們繼續掃描第二段的“干旱”以及第四段的 “to fight the desert”,即可推斷出Sarah的主要貢獻是對抗干旱和治理沙漠化。此時,結合第一步的選項分析,我們可以確定A、B、D選項都是Toumi為了治理沙漠化采取的具體行動,不足以作為文章標題統領全文。因此,第一步的猜想得以驗證,正確答案為C。

小結: 若以傳統的解題方法來做本題,學生需要在通讀全文的基礎上,把握文章內涵,然后將四個選項與文章內涵一一比對,進而選出最佳答案,整個過程難度大、耗時久且正確率低。很多語言基礎薄弱的同學因閱讀能力不足,難以把握文章內涵和作者意圖。因此,在面對標題概括類的閱讀題時,會有一種上山打虎般的為難情緒,很多時候只能胡亂蒙一個答案,草草了事。而本文介紹的邏輯推斷法能夠巧妙地幫助考生將看似很難的標題歸納題由“真老虎”變成“紙老虎”,大大節約了考試時間,提升了做題效率。

[例2] 文章大意題

2022年全國甲卷(閱讀理解C)

As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鵝) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be ?a trip Ginni would never forget .

……

The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.

31.What is the text mainly about?

A. Childhood dream. ????B. An unforgettable experience.

C. Sailing around the world.

D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.

正確答案:B

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 歸納選項,得出猜想。

通過翻譯四個選項的意思,我們發現C. Sailing around the world.(環球航行)D. Meeting animals in Antarctica(遇見南極動物)都是包含具體行動的下義詞組,B. An unforgettable experience(難忘經歷)是可以統領C和D的上義詞組。A. Childhood dream(童年夢想)是獨立于B、C、D語義場的冗雜信息。因此,答案很可能是更具有概括功能的上義選項B,接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃讀原文,驗證猜想。

根據語篇結構知識,文章大意通常會在首尾段遙相呼應,因此,我們可以掃描一下首段或者尾段。不難發現,首段中的關鍵詞“a trip Ginni would never forget”是與B選項相互照應的,進而驗證猜想。

小結:與傳統解題策略不同,這種先猜想后驗證的思路,就像找到了撬動地球的支點一樣,可以幫助考生在緊張的考試中獲得事半功倍的效果,同時也給英語后進生提高分數帶來了希望與信心。

[例3] 段落大意題

2022年6月全國甲卷 (閱讀理解D篇)

Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. ?But ?it is the harbor that makes the city.

32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. Sydneys striking architecture.

B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.

C. The key to Sydneys development.

D. Sydneys tourist attractions in the 1960s.

正確答案:C

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 分析選項,歸納類別。

通過翻譯四個選項中關鍵詞的意思,我們發現A. architecture(建筑)和D. tourist attractions(旅游景點)都是包含于B. cultural diversity(文化)的下義詞。而選項C. development(城市發展)又是高于B(文化多樣性)的更上義的詞匯。因此,答案很有可能是C,接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃讀原文,驗證答案。

掃讀第一段,我們會發現重要邏輯詞“but”,因此,我們只需要關注but后面的這句話:“But it is the harbor that makes the city”,可翻譯為“是港口造就了這個城市”,對應D選項中的“development”(發展),因此,第一步的猜想得以驗證。

小結: 使用基于選項的邏輯推斷法只是我們做題的敲門磚,它能夠允許英語基礎比較薄弱的同學也有做對題目的機會。但是,對于英語優等生來說,想要確保答案萬無一失,還要回溯原文,進一步驗證答案。需要注意的是,閱讀原文并不需要逐字逐句閱讀,而是要借助語篇結構和語篇連接詞,快速找到閱讀的重點,其中轉折詞是考生尤其需要關注的,在閱讀中,常見的轉折詞有:but,however,nevertheless,while,in fact,actually,yet,though,on the contrary,in contrast等,我們要特別關注這些詞后面的內容,它們才是作者想要傳達的重要信息,也是重要的命題點。

2.細節理解題

在四選一閱讀中,細節理解題的比例占到三分之二以上,該題型主要考查學生定位、解讀、歸納及概括信息的能力,很多同學難以讀懂原文,更難以從眾多細節信息中搜尋并解讀與問題相對應的相關信息。然而,基于選項分析的邏輯推理法能有效解決這一難題,具體推理過程示例如下。

\[例\] 2023年3月廣州一模(閱讀理解C篇)

Swallow Ponds 2023 ?project ?will restore proper water depth ?and ?improve wildlife habitat without creating problems for the path. The ?balancing ?act continues.

31.What is the theme of Swallow Ponds 2023 project?

A.Biological diversity.

B. Harmonious coexistence.

C. Prevention of natural disasters.

D. Preservation of wildlife habitat.

正確答案:B

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 歸納選項,得出猜想。

通過翻譯四個選項的意思,我們發現A. Biological diversity(生物多樣性)、C. Prevention of natural disasters.(阻止自然災難)、D. Preservation of wildlife habitat(棲息地保護)都是有明確指向性的下義詞組,而B. Harmonious coexistence(和諧共存)是兩者抽象關系的概括。因此,答案很可能是更具有概括功能的上義選項B,接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃讀原文,驗證猜想。

按照題文同序以及關鍵詞鎖定策略,我們可以確定這一題的答案在最后一段。接著我們再用關鍵詞掃描法,掃描到最后一段的關鍵詞“and”和“balance”,通過這兩個詞我們可以推斷出該項目是為了平衡(balance)兩個對象(and)之間的關系。因此,第一步的猜想得到驗證,正確答案為B。

小結:與傳統解題策略不同,這種先猜想后驗證的思路,可以幫助學生有效規避長難句的閱讀,繞開了詞匯量不足帶來的閱讀障礙,比如這一題,學生只需要抓住“and”和“balance”這兩個簡單詞就可以驗證答案。

三、借助高頻復現詞,推斷正確選項

根據語篇學常識,文章中高頻復現的詞語,一定是該文章論述的核心內容。在標題概括題中,如果選項中的關鍵詞與文中的高頻復現詞重合,那該選項很有可能就是文章的最佳標題,示例如下。

\[例\] 2020年全國II (閱讀理解D篇)

I have a special place in my heart for ?libraries . I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, ?sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the ?library .

My first job was working at the Ukiah ?Library ?when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.

As I grew older and became a mother, the ?library ?took on a ?new place and ?an ?added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(來源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local ?library , where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.

I always read ,using different voices, as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it! It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .

Now,I see my children taking their children to the ?library ?and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.

As a novelist,Ive found a new relationship with ?libraries . I encourage readers to go to their local ?library ?when they cant afford to purchase a book. I see ?libraries ?as a safe haven(避風港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. ?Libraries , in their own way, help fight book piracy (盜版行為) and I think all writers should support ?libraries ?in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the ?library . Share ?library ?announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.

34. What does the author call on other writers to do?

A. Sponsor book fairs. ?B. Write for social media.

C. Support libraries. ??D. Purchase her novels.

正確答案:C

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 分析選項,識別關鍵詞。

通過分析不難發現四個選項的關鍵詞分別是A. book fairs(書展)B. social media(社交媒體)C. libraries(圖書館)以及D. novels(小說),究竟哪個關鍵詞才是作者想要論述的重點?只需要回溯原文,掃描原文關鍵詞即可。

第二步: 掃讀原文,搜索關鍵詞。

快速掃描原文,不難發現library及libraries作為文章的高頻復現詞一共出現了14次(原文劃橫線的詞),該詞與C選項相對應,因此,答案呼之欲出,C即為正解。

小結: 此題為推理判斷題,從傳統做題角度而言,該題對學生詞匯和思維的要求都很高,學生需要在細節理解的基礎上,綜合全文去推斷作者的觀點態度,難度很大。但如果運用了選項分析和關鍵詞掃描法,就能避開很多長難句和生難詞的理解,快速鎖定正確答案。

35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge

B. My Idea about Writing

C. Library: A Heaven for the Young

D. My Love of the Library

正確答案:D

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 分析選項,識別關鍵詞。

通過分析不難發現四個選項的關鍵詞分別是A. Reading(閱讀)B. Writing(寫作)C. Library(圖書館)以及D. Library(圖書館),圖書館在選項中出現了兩次,可見其重要性。因此,最佳標題很可能是從C或者D中二選一。接下來要考慮,圖書館與年輕人的關系(C選項),圖書館與“我”的關系(D選項),哪個才是本文的論述重點?只需掃讀原文關鍵詞,即可驗證答案.

第二步:掃讀原文,搜索關鍵詞。

快速掃描原文,不難發現除了圖書館(library)這個高頻復現詞外,“I”作為句子主語反復出現,根據主位推進理論,句子的主語通常可以作為句子的主位,將語篇信息依據作者的寫作意圖及其文章的主題思想串聯起來。本題D選項“My love”與文中語篇主題關鍵詞“I”相關聯,因此,答案鎖定為D。

小結:此題為標題概括題,從傳統做題角度而言,該題對學生詞匯和思維的要求都很高,學生需要在細節理解的基礎上,綜合全文選擇最佳標題,因而難度很大。但如果運用了選項分析和關鍵詞掃描法,就能避開很多長難句和生難詞的理解,快速鎖定正確答案。

四、借助語篇知識,推斷正確選項

語篇不是由單詞及語句堆砌起來的集合體,而是通過顯性或隱性的銜接手段串聯起來的意義單位。掌握常用的語篇銜接手段如邏輯詞和語篇組織模式可以幫助我們快速排除冗雜信息,提高解題效率。具體推理過程闡釋如下。

\[例1\] 2021年1月浙江卷 (閱讀理解B篇)

At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. ?But ?he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.

24.Why does the author mention Watkins predictions in the first paragraph?

A. To make comparisons. ??B. To introduce the topic.

C. To support her argument. D. To provide examples.

正確答案:B

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 分析選項,依據語篇,得出猜想。

首先,我們翻譯一下四個選項的意思,A. To make comparisons.(做對比)B. To introduce the topic.(引入話題) C. To support her argument.(支持論點)D. To provide examples.(舉例子)。根據語篇常識,第一段的語篇功能常為提出觀點、話題引入等,據此我們可以初步猜想答案為B。接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃描原文,驗證猜想。

掃描第一段我們可以發現邏輯詞but,根據語篇常識,but后的內容才是作者想要論述的重點,即“But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day. ”(他有一個預言是錯誤的:每個人每天都能走10公里),由此可知,上文提到的Watkins的預言,僅僅是為了引入“人們走路鍛煉”這個話題,故第一步的猜想得以驗證,答案為B。

小結: 語篇的組織模式不是隨機無序的,而是依據不同的體裁按照特定的模式推進和展開的,常用的語篇模式有問題解決模式、一般特殊模式、提問回答模式、原因結果模式等。熟悉并掌握這些語篇組織模式,能夠幫助我們快速理清語篇框架,獲取文章大意,感悟作者的寫作意圖,最終達到深度理解文章,精準做題的目的。

\[例2\] 2016年全國II(閱讀理解C篇)

Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website ?BookCrossing com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.

Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing ?provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.

Bruce Pederson, the managing director of ?BookCrossing , says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. ?BookCrossing ?combines both.”

Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.

People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the ?BookCrossing ?to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.

BookCrossing ?is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虛擬). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.

27.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?

A.To explain what they are.

B.To introduce ?BookCrossing .

C.To stress the importance of reading.

D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.

正確答案:B

邏輯推斷步驟:

第一步: 分析選項,依據語篇,得出猜想。

首先,我們翻譯一下四個選項關鍵詞的意思,A. To explain(解釋)B. To introduce(引入) C. To stress(強調)D. To encourage(鼓勵)。根據語篇常識,第一段的語篇功能常為提出觀點、話題引入等,據此我們可以初步猜想答案為B。接著進行第二步,驗證猜想。

第二步: 掃描原文,驗證猜想。

掃描全文我們可以發現BookCrossing一詞在文中出現了六次,依據語篇知識,文章中高頻復現的詞語,一定是作者論述的重點。因此,我們可以確定本文是以BookCrossing為關鍵詞展開論述的,故作者在第一段以book groups這一概念引入BookCrossing這一話題。綜上所述,第一步猜想正確,答案為B。

小結:在說明性語篇中,作者通常需要在第一段引入說明對象,然后在接下來的主體段落中展開闡釋。此外,被說明的對象會在文中反復多次出現,以串聯起語篇的主線,凸顯說明對象。掌握這些語篇知識是同學們能夠大膽猜想并快速驗證答案的基礎。

【本文系2022年廣東省教育研究院中小學英語教育專項研究課題“深度學習視域下基于單元大觀念的高中英語詞匯教學探究與實踐”(立項編號GDJY-2022-A-yyb81)階段性研究成果】

責任編輯 ?吳昊雷

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