


【摘要】 目的:探討羥考酮復合環泊酚在老年無痛胃鏡檢查中的應用效果。方法:選取江南大學附屬中心醫院2022年6—12月收治的接受老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者108例,采用隨機數字表法將其分為復合組(54例)與常規組(54例)。復合組采用羥考酮復合環泊酚麻醉,常規組采用環泊酚麻醉。比較兩組檢查時間、蘇醒時間與環泊酚使用總量;比較術中嗆咳、體動以及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發生情況;比較兩組不良反應發生情況。結果:兩組檢查時間比較差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05),復合組蘇醒時間短于常規組(Plt;0.05),復合組環泊酚使用總量少于常規組(Plt;0.05)。復合組嗆咳、體動以及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發生率均低于常規組(Plt;0.05)。復合組不良反應發生率為3.70%,低于常規組的16.67%(Plt;0.05)。結論:羥考酮復合環泊酚在老年無痛胃鏡檢查中的鎮痛作用顯著,可縮短蘇醒時間,降低不良反應發生率。
【關鍵詞】 無痛胃鏡檢查 羥考酮 環泊酚 檢查時間 蘇醒時間
Effect of Oxycodone Combined with Ciprofol on Painless Gastroscopy in Elderly Patients/PAN Yunsong, YIN Lei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(19): 0-067
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of Oxycodone combined with Ciprofol in painless gastroscopy of the elderly patients. Method: A total of 108 elderly patients who received painless gastroscopy in our hospital from June 2022 to December 2022 were selected and divided by random number table method into compound group (54 cases) and conventional group (54 cases). The compound group was anesthetized with Oxycodone combined with Ciprofol, and the conventional group was anesthetized with Ciprofol. The examination time, recovery time and total Ciprofol consumption were compared between the two groups. The incidences of cough, body movement and pulse oxygen saturation below 90% were compared. The occurrence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups. Result: There was no significant difference in the examination time between the two groups (Pgt;0.05). The recovery time of the compound group was shorter than that of the conventional group (Plt;0.05), and the total use of Ciprofol in the compound group was less than that of the conventional group (Plt;0.05). The incidences of cough, body movement and pulse oxygen saturation below 90% in compound group were lower than those in conventional group (Plt;0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in compound group was 3.70%, which was lower than 16.67% in conventional group (Plt;0.05). Conclusion: Oxycodone combined with Ciprofol in the elderly painless gastroscopy has significant analgesic effect, can shorten the recovery time, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.
[Key words] Painless gastroscopy Oxycodone Ciprofol Inspection time Recovery time
First-author's address: Affiliated Central Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.19.015
胃鏡檢查術是隨著腔鏡技術飛速發展而發展起來的臨床診療技術,微創,并發癥少,有利于胃腸道疾病的早期診斷及早期治療。早期的胃鏡檢查術在患者清醒狀態下進行,術中患者情緒緊張,咽部刺激明顯,吞咽、惡心嘔吐、嗆咳反射強烈,不利于檢查的順利進行,造成血流動力學的劇烈波動,甚至食管胃底黏膜撕裂損傷等風險。特別對于老年患者,因其往往依從性差,且合并心血管及神經系統潛在基礎疾病,風險更大。無痛胃鏡檢查術就是通過使用麻醉性鎮靜及鎮痛藥物,使患者處于意識喪失及無痛的麻醉狀態,以利于檢查術的順利進行。無痛胃鏡檢查常用靜脈麻醉的方法,使用的藥物有異丙酚、咪達唑侖、依托咪酯等靜脈麻醉藥,或者輔助阿片類鎮痛藥物,但存在注射痛,心血管及自主呼吸抑制明顯,麻醉后蘇醒困難等缺點。環泊酚作為一種新型的靜脈麻醉藥物,跟異丙酚比較,呼吸、循環抑制作用更輕,可控性更強;羥考酮激動μ、κ受體,具有很好的解除內臟痛及牽拉反射作用[1-2]。環泊酚復合羥考酮是否能夠安全有效的應用于老年患者的無痛胃鏡檢查術麻醉,是本研究觀察的目的。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取江南大學附屬中心醫院2022年6—12月收治的接受老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者108例。納入標準:納入標準:年齡≥70歲;美國麻醉醫師協會(ASA)Ⅰ、Ⅱ級;行老年無痛胃鏡檢查,意識清醒;資料齊全。排除標準:患有呼吸疾病;精神障礙;消化道潰瘍或出血;對羥考酮、環泊酚過敏;合并神經肌肉疾病;凝血功能障礙;有惡性腫瘤。根據隨機數表法將其分為復合組與常規組,每組54例。患者均知情統一并簽署知情同意書。本研究已經醫學倫理委員會批準。
1.2 方法
術前均常規禁食、禁水10 h。患者入手術室后,建立靜脈通路,給予鼻導管吸氧5 L/min,同時監測血壓、心率、血氧飽和度等。準備就緒后,復合組先靜脈注射羥考酮5 mg(生產廠家:RAFA LABORATORIES LIMITED,注冊證號:國藥準字HJ20170223,規格:2 mL∶20 mg),5 min后予環泊酚(生產廠家:遼寧海思科制藥有限公司,批準文號:國藥準字H20200013,規格:20 mL∶50 mg)0.5 mg/kg靜脈注射。常規組先靜脈注射等量生理鹽水,5 min后開始緩慢靜脈注射環泊酚0.5 mg/kg。兩組環泊酚靜脈注射速度10~20 mg/10 s,待睫毛反射消失,呼之不應后開始進鏡。術中如有體動、嗆咳追加環泊酚0.15 mg/kg;如血壓下降幅度超過基礎值20%,靜脈注射多巴胺2 mg。脈搏氧飽和度低于90%時,予托下頜或者面罩輔助通氣。
1.3 觀察指標
對比兩組檢查時間、蘇醒時間、環泊酚使用總量。對比兩組術中嗆咳、體動以及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發生情況。對比兩組不良反應發生情況,包括惡心、支氣管痙攣、紅斑、瘙癢、低血壓。
1.4 統計學處理
采用SPSS 26.0軟件進行統計學分析,計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗,Plt;0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較
復合組男34例,女20例;年齡50~71歲,平均(60.85±5.25)歲;常規組男33例,女21例;年齡50~70歲,平均(60.25±5.14)歲。兩組一般資料差異均無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05)。具有可比性。
2.2 兩組檢查時間、蘇醒時間及環泊酚使用總量比較
兩組檢查時間比較差異無統計學意義(Pgt;0.05),復合組蘇醒時間短于常規組(Plt;0.05),復合組環泊酚使用總量少于常規組(Plt;0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組嗆咳、體動及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發生情況比較
復合組嗆咳、體動及脈搏氧飽和度低于90%發生率均低于常規組(Plt;0.05),見表2。
2.4 兩組不良反應發生情況比較
復合組不良反應發生率為3.70%,低于常規組的16.67%(字2=4.960,P=0.026),見表3。
3 討論
胃腸鏡檢查雖然是一項微創的外科技術,但現使用的纖維鏡還是直徑粗,鏡身長,硬度硬;人體咽喉部感覺、運動神經豐富,存在各種保護性神經反射,纖維鏡進入胃腸道特別是咽喉部患者反應劇烈[3];為手術視野需要,術中需要不斷充氣,沖洗,吸引,給患者帶來不適的同時刺激迷走神經,引起牽拉反應影響血流動力學穩定。因此,胃腸鏡檢查術適合在麻醉狀態下進行[4]。
老年患者往往合并例如高血壓、冠心病、氣管炎、糖尿病等一些慢性基礎疾病,因此術中血流動力學的劇烈波動勢必影響重要器官的血流及氧供需平衡,造成風險;同時,呼吸、循環及神經等系統的功能衰退,使得機體維持血流動力學及內環境穩定的能力大大降低[5]。因此,保護和維持機體的調節機制,維持生命體征的平穩,是老年患者麻醉的重點[6]。最后,老年患者藥物代謝能力顯著下降,容易造成麻醉藥物的蓄積及蘇醒延遲[7]。胃鏡檢查術手術時間短,周轉快,需要麻醉醫生采用可控性強,恢復快的麻醉方法和技術。
以往無痛胃鏡檢查多選用丙泊酚作為靜脈麻醉藥物,在臨床使用過程中發現丙泊酚有以下缺點:(1)有注射痛,往往需要使用較大的靜脈或者很慢的注射速率方能避免,但在胃腸鏡檢查術麻醉中難以做到;(2)心血管抑制作用,包括對心臟的直接抑制造成心率降低,心輸出量下降;抑制交感神經,擴張外周阻力血管,導致血容量的相對不足,血壓下降。對于老年人,這種心血管抑制作用更加明顯;(3)無鎮痛作用,手術刺激增加時容易出現患者肢體無意識活動,或者各種神經反射,影響手術進行[8-10]。往往需要臨時快速增加異丙酚劑量,從而增加了心血管抑制作用。環泊酚是一種新研發的靜脈麻醉藥,其在丙泊酚化學結構的基礎上引入環丙基,增強了與GABAA受體的親和力[11-12]。因此其起效恢復更快、效價更高、注射痛更少[13-14]。羥考酮術前用于無痛胃鏡檢查,有效減輕內臟痛,減少炎癥反應,且對呼吸影響小[15-16]。并且有效抑制患者的應激反應,顯著降低血清皮質醇、去甲腎上腺素和腎上腺素水平[17-18]。
本研究發現,復合組患者術中嗆咳和體動例數,環泊酚追加次數及使用總量明顯少于常規組,造成患者的蘇醒時間明顯縮短,表明了羥考酮用于老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者中,效果確切,優勢明顯。此外,因術中嗆咳、體動嚴重影響手術進行,需要快速加深麻醉,而快速追加環泊酚極易造成一過性呼吸抑制,發生低氧血癥,必要時需要面罩加壓給氧甚至控制呼吸等干預。復合組術中需要干預的次數及觀察到的不良反應發生率明顯低于常規組,可能源于需要追加環泊酚次數及用量的減少。羥考酮本身對呼吸的影響輕微,本研究中使用羥考酮后5 min后開始環泊酚靜脈麻醉,可以保證羥考酮充分發揮藥效的同時降低了聯合用藥可能存在的呼吸抑制方面的協同影響,更為安全。
綜上所述,羥考酮復合環泊酚用于老年無痛胃鏡檢查患者中,鎮痛效果確切,不良反應發生率低,麻醉更為安全。
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(收稿日期:2023-05-17) (本文編輯:田婧)