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光生物調節療法在骨關節炎治療中的研究進展

2024-01-01 00:00:00張昊葳劉伊瀅寧文華王琰魏向陽王海明
激光生物學報 2024年4期
關鍵詞:骨關節炎

摘 要:光生物調節療法(PBMT)是一種根據不同治療目的將生物組織暴露于特定波長光源的光療法,長期應用于口腔科學、皮膚病學、骨科學等領域。在骨關節炎(OA)治療中,大量的臨床實踐和基礎醫學研究已經證實,PBMT作為一種物理治療方法,能夠有效減輕OA患者的疼痛,促進炎癥因子的代謝和清除,顯著增強組織的修復能力,并加快不同組織和神經的再生,為OA患者提供了嶄新的治療選擇。然而,PBMT的操作方式和劑量控制尚未形成統一的標準,治療效果的評估具有一定的主觀性和不確定性,仍存在較大的研究空間。盡管已有一些文章探討了PBMT在OA領域的研究現狀,但其主要是通過PBMT對OA的治療討論PBMT在抗炎方面的作用,而忽略了OA作為一種涉及全關節組織疾病的整體性和PBMT對OA作用效果的復雜性。本文系統梳理了PBMT在OA非手術治療和手術治療中的應用,分析了PBMT在OA整體治療中的局限性,特別關注了PBMT在實際操作中存在的問題,深入思考了其未來的發展趨勢,為充分利用PBMT無創、無痛和無副作用的特性發展先進的OA治療手段與醫療器械提供了參考。

關鍵詞:光生物調節療法;骨關節炎;炎癥;物理治療;激光照射

中圖分類號:R454.2 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻標志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2024.04.001

Research Progress of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Osteoarthritis

ZHANG Haowei1, LIU Yiying1, 3, NING Wenhua1, 2, 3, WANG Yan2, WEI Xiangyang1, 3, WANG Haiming1, 2, 3*

(1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; 2. Medical College, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451100, China; 3. Center of Rehabilitation Engineering Technology Research, Zhengzhou 450000, China)

Abstract: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a kind of light therapy that exposes biological tissue to a specific wavelength light source according to different therapeutic purposes, and has been used in stomatology, dermatology, osteology and other fields for a long time. In the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), a large number of clinical practices and basic medical researches have confirmed that PBMT, as a physical therapy, can effectively reduce the pain of patients with OA, promote the metabolism and clearance of inflammatory factors, significantly enhance the repair ability of tissues, and accelerate the regeneration of different tissues and nerves, providing a new treatment option for patients with OA. However, the specific operation and dose control of PBMT in practical applications have not yet formed a unified standard, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect is subjective and uncertain, and there is still a large space for exploration. Although a number of review articles have explored this aspect, the anti-inflammatory effects of PBMT are mainly discussed through the treatment of OA with PBMT, ignoring the holistic nature of OA as a disease involving whole joint tissues and the complexity of the effects of PBMT on OA. This paper systematically reviews the application of PBMT in the non-surgical and surgical treatment of OA, considers the limitations of PBMT in the overall treatment of OA, pays special attention to the problems existing in the actual operation of PBMT, and analyzes in depth the future development trend, so as to provide references for the development of advanced OA treatment methods and medical devices by making full use of the characteristics of PBMT, which are non-invasive, painless and without side effects.

Key words: photobiomodulation therapy; osteoarthritis; inflammation; physical therapy; laser irradiation

(Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2024, 33(4): 289-296)

光生物調節療法(photobiomodulation therapy,PBMT)最早以低能量激光療法的現代形式在1960年紅寶石激光和1961年氦氖(HeNe)激光發明后不久出現,目前已發展成為一種普遍的治療程序,涵蓋了使用不同光源和參數設置的光療法[1]。其主要展現了三種治療效果:減少炎癥和水腫、促進傷口和深層組織愈合、修復神經和緩解疼痛[2]。PBMT通常將細胞或組織暴露在可見光至近紅外光譜波段的光下,與其他形式的光療法相比,治療時一般不會導致總體組織溫度升高而產生結構的變化,是由炎癥狀態引起的或需要刺激生長和修復的大部分疾病的理想治療方法[3-4]。

骨關節炎(osteoarthritis,OA)是一種常見的慢性致殘性疾病,疼痛是OA臨床決策和醫療服務的主要驅動因素,被視為最主要的癥狀[5]。而炎癥機制在多個層面上介導OA的病理發展和疼痛癥狀,參與關節和神經系統中的感覺神經元的相互作用,使軟骨下骨和滑膜中的傷害感受器受到刺激[6]。近年來的臨床研究表明,PBMT主要在緩解OA的臨床疼痛癥狀和降低炎癥指標水平上發揮重要作用[7]。大量基礎醫學研究已提出并證實,PBMT可能作用于OA的潛在機制和通路,但不同的研究對于PBMT的作用方式和功能參數沒有形成統一的標準,關于PBMT的具體使用沒有完善的指南,導致其發展仍然存在巨大的障礙[7-8]。本文總結并討論PBMT影響OA疾病進展(圖1)的研究,探索目前PBMT治療OA仍備受爭議的原因,展望PBMT作用于OA等系列肌肉骨骼相關疾病的未來機遇,以期為PBMT應用于疾病治療與醫學研究提供參考。

1 PBMT對OA的治療與機制研究

1.1 PBMT治療OA的臨床實踐

長期以來,OA被認為是一種簡單的“磨損”疾病,過度負荷和關節生物力學受損會導致關節軟骨的破壞和炎癥。現代研究認為,OA是一個由炎癥和代謝因素共同影響的更復雜的過程,能導致關節軟骨損傷和喪失、關節下骨重塑、骨贅形成、韌帶松弛和關節周圍肌肉減弱[5]。越來越多的研究證明,PBMT在緩解炎癥和疼痛方面是有效的[8]。

1.1.1 PBMT在OA非手術治療中的應用

PBMT對改善OA患者疼痛和身體機能方面有積極的影響,可緩解OA患者在休息、日常生活活動、僵硬、肌肉縮短和運動時產生的疼痛,尤其對中老年婦女備受OA困擾的膝關節產生鎮痛作用[9];同時,PBMT能減少疼痛和炎癥對步行距離、步態變量、身體結構參數產生的負面影響[10];結合運動療法、脈沖電磁場治療能夠為OA患者提供更好的綜合治療效果[11-13]。從治療效果的持續時長來看,在治療開始的3周內單獨應用低能量激光治療,并在接下來8周內結合鍛煉和其他治療方法的PBMT治療方案能夠維持長達6個月的疼痛和功能障礙減輕、藥物攝入量減少的治療效果[14];對膝關節OA患者使用PBMT照射其膝關節周圍穴位可能產生類似針灸的治療效果,并且這種綜合治療停止后的改善效果也能夠持續6個月[15]。在患者炎癥指標檢測中,OA患者接受8周PBMT治療后,血清中的抗炎因子濃度顯著增加[16]。在經過PBMT治療的OA患者尿液檢查中發現,關節軟骨生化成分Ⅱ型膠原C端肽和與炎癥發展有關的基質金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)家族成員MMP-3、MMP-8、MMP-13的水平降低,這提示患者OA病情發展減慢[17]。

1.1.2 PBMT在OA手術治療中的應用

全關節置換術是重度終末期OA唯一有價值的、既定的手術選擇[18]。患者在術后通常存在肢體功能受限和疼痛的問題[5]。行髖關節和膝關節的關節置換術后,PBMT結合針刺和其他物理治療方法能夠改善術后髖關節屈曲/外展受限、肢體僵硬和疼痛的情況[19-21]。除了直接改善患者的活動度和疼痛外,PBMT能夠通過減少手術刀口疤痕增生緩解由于結締組織攣縮產生的關節受限[20]。在術后血檢復查中,有研究顯示,PBMT能夠降低行全髖關節置換術OA患者術后血清中的腫瘤壞死因子-α和白細胞介素-8的水平[22]。基于PBMT的安全性、組織治療能力和較低的制造成本,為了減少患者的經濟負擔和時間花費,行關節置換術后康復階段的家用PBMT相關便攜設備正在研發中[23]。近十年能夠描述波長和輸出功率密度或輸出能量密度具體參數信息的PBMT治療OA的臨床隨機對照試驗詳見表1。

1.2 PBMT治療OA的機制探索

對成人關節軟骨的體外研究表明,過量激光照射對關節軟骨無益處,甚至會產生損傷,而較低輻照度的激光對軟骨基質合成有明顯的刺激作用,輻射區域內的組織在吸收了來自激光光束的光子后可產生廣泛的生物學影響[35]。OA作為一種涉及復雜關節狀況的疾病,會造成一系列的病理改變。大量研究已經證明,PBMT可以產生多重治療作用來減緩OA疾病進程,主要包括抗炎癥反應、緩解疼痛和促進組織愈合再生[7,36]。

1.2.1 PBMT的抗炎作用

在OA的發病過程中,炎癥反應起著關鍵的推動作用[37]。PBMT被廣泛應用于減輕組織炎癥,是緩解OA癥狀、延緩OA進展的有效治療手段[38]。Tomazoni等[39]發現,PBMT可減少炎癥浸潤細胞總數,降低軟骨降解酶的表達水平,改善OA的炎癥狀況。Balint等[40]對離體滑膜組織進行激光照射后發現,PBMT可能通過抑制自身抗原表達對關節炎產生治療效果。Yamada等[41]對膝關節、脊髓和腦干標本進行細胞因子檢測后發現,18 J/cm2劑量的PBMT能夠減輕大鼠膝關節樣本的中性粒細胞活性,減少血清和脊髓樣本的氧化應激損傷,降低膝關節的促炎細胞因子水平。

1.2.2 PBMT的鎮痛作用

PBMT的鎮痛作用來源于改善組織炎癥和抑制中樞敏化[8]。Yamada等[42]在關于PBMT和藥物的聯合治療中發現,PBMT增加了膝關節組織、膝周組織以及遠離病變部位組織的抗氧化活性,有助于更顯著地減少傷害性感受。Han等[43]發現,PBMT可通過神經肽參與的非熱效應,以8 J/cm2的劑量應用于肌肉時顯示出短暫的鎮痛作用,在反復照射后可產生持續的鎮痛效果。670 nm(紅光)照射治療也被發現能夠顯著降低神經元損傷和神經炎癥累積的機械敏感性以及超敏反應的發生率[44]。

1.2.3 PBMT的促愈作用

PBMT能夠促進損傷組織的愈合和恢復,幫助患者減輕癥狀、改善關節功能[45]。Tim等[45]和Chen等[46]分別證實,PBMT能夠促進軟骨細胞和成纖維細胞的顯著增殖。Trevisan等[47]對OA大鼠進行PBMT干預后,發現膝關節呈現出較慢的退行性過程。Assis等[48]證明,PBMT結合有氧和水上運動訓練可保護OA大鼠膝關節軟骨和維持關節組織的完整性。Yan等[49]發現,PBMT預處理成肌細胞后增強了細胞葡萄糖的攝取,減少了缺氧條件下乳酸的產生,說明PBMT治療對肌肉力量的改變可能存在潛在的影響。圖2呈現了PBMT治療OA的研究重點,這些重點的相關基礎研究在臨床實踐提供的現實依據之外為PBMT治療OA提供了充分的理論依據,證實了PBMT對OA具有強烈的生物學影響。

2 PBMT在OA治療中的局限性及其發展方向

2.1 PBMT在OA治療中的局限性

自上個世紀九十年代起,激光在口腔科學中逐漸成為一種常用的治療或輔助工具,在此基礎上,PBMT廣泛應用于檢測和去除齲齒病變、牙髓治療、牙齒超敏反應等方面[50]。在皮膚病學及相關領域,人們應用PBMT的原理設計了合適的治療工具治療疤痕、斑痕、燒傷等[51]。與成熟應用PBMT的醫用領域有很大差距的是,世界光生物調節療法協會作為發布PBMT治療指南的全球性機構,對于肌肉骨骼相關疾病的PBMT推薦治療劑量范圍僅僅是根據不同部位的肌腱病和關節炎規定了780~860 nm/904 nm的治療波長、1~12 cm2不等的治療面積、4~16 J的輸出能量、每天治療維持2周或每隔1 d治療維持3~4周的治療頻率和時間,對于影響治療效率的儀器治療面板或治療頭的擺放位置沒有進行明確說明,對于隨機對照試驗的系統評價設計和實施標準近二十年未曾更新[52]。他們建議由治療師自行決定和負責是否根據其他研究方面的變化和進展改變使用方式[53-55]。

在儀器生產和設計層面上,目前市面上的PBMT相關的應用于OA的醫用光學設備沒有統一的設計和制造標準,絕大多數只能給予1~2種波長范圍、15 W以內的輸出功、1~8個不同面積的治療面板或治療頭,僅能夠設置單一的生物物理參數,單次治療劑量或全周期治療劑量大多也無法遵循世界光生物調節療法協會規定的范圍區間[56]。簡易的治療指南使得醫師和治療師對患者進行個體化治療有了更多自由度和主動性的同時,也導致了PBMT的不規范使用。比如,治療OA時使用了推薦的輸出能量,但是由于使用的光學儀器治療面板面積較大,操作人員沒有根據實際治療面積進行輸出能量計算,導致功率密度沒有達到理論作用范圍而無法產生相應的治療效果[57];此外,還有治療面板或治療頭擺放部位不統一、防護管理制度缺位、科室執行記錄不完整等問題[58]。

2.2 PBMT在OA治療中的發展方向

傳統的OA鑒別診斷通常結合病史、體征評估、影像學檢查及實驗室檢查等[5]。目前,有光學團隊使用紅外光譜技術獲取光譜信號直接對健康和病變關節軟骨樣本進行原位分析和診斷,促進了OA的分級診療,減少了患者的就醫困難[58-60]。絕大部分OA的PBMT治療都是與其他物理治療方法聯合進行的,包括運動療法、手法治療、經皮神經電刺激、干擾電療法等,這些治療方法的相關設備在社區和醫院中得到了廣泛的應用[19]。康復工程學團隊參與PBMT的應用后,通過裝置設計和制造能夠建立多種治療同時進行的綜合治療儀器,進一步提高了聯合治療效果[25,61]。PBMT也促進了OA相關介入材料的發展,通過低能量近紅外激光的光熱特性觸發釋放治療系統,解決骨整合不足、疼痛、細菌感染等術后問題[59,62-63]。

探索激光產生某些生物效應窗口的重疊,以極大地促進PBMT對OA的治療作用,也是未來可行的方向。從病理和生理角度解釋,不同功率的激光對不同細胞的作用效果不盡相同,功率較低的激光對巨噬細胞促炎分化的抑制效果較好,而功率較高的激光對炎癥因子分泌的抑制效果較好,如波長為(630±30)nm、輸出能量為18 J/cm2或36 J/cm2的PBMT治療可以顯著抑制前列腺素E2、白細胞介素-8等細胞因子的產生[64-65]。從組織結構的角度出發,相比波長635 nm的激光器,波長808 nm的激光器能夠進一步促進神經元的分化,可能對OA疼痛的緩解產生影響[66]。Jankaew等[67]認為,在改善肌肉力量方面,相比660 nm,808 nm波長在促進膝關節伸肌力量增強方面表現出了更好的效果。Pinto等[68]根據每位患者的體重指數和膚色選擇個體化劑量法,減輕了癥狀性OA患者的短期和中期疼痛水平。要使激光產生不同的生物效應,多樣化的PBMT治療嘗試和比較可以完善PBMT治療的使用規范,以獲得更好的療效。

3 總結與展望

OA是一種常見的慢性病,對受影響的個人、衛生保健系統和社會經濟發展產生了消極影響[5]。國際骨關節炎研究學會、美國骨科醫師協會等OA相關權威組織推薦的治療方法需要長期致力于飲食管理、定期鍛煉和自我教育[69-70]。這些都是理想化的治療方法和目標,但在現實中往往很難完全實現,而OA目前似乎難以完全“治愈”,所以需要其他更適合患者現實情況的治療方案。在OA的治療中,PBMT是一種實用的物理治療方法,從1987年在膝關節OA中進行了第一個PBMT隨機對照試驗開始[71],已有近40年的歷史。PBMT為患者提供了一種副作用較小的非藥物、非侵入性治療,可以在不同的環境中進行治療,包括患者可單獨使用的、安全的家用設備[72]。

在PBMT關于OA治療的各方面的研究接連產生的同時,我們還需要關注到一些治療指南不推薦使用PBMT治療或對PBMT推薦程度相對較弱[74]。這首先是因為OA目前沒有治愈的方案,只能綜合多角度的治療方式嘗試緩解疾病帶來的影響[5]。其次是因為一些研究證據水平較低,僅說明短期的益處,尚未有長期的多中心研究。最后是在OA研究領域,醫學與光學的跨學科交叉模式還需要更多的探索、實踐與完善。PBMT的治療效果是多方面的,包括組織修復、炎癥調節、神經阻滯等,這些都是在綜合性治療中累積的。為了讓更多OA患者接受安全、循證、無創、無痛和無藥物副作用的PBMT治療,一方面,需要更多研究團隊參與,根據不同的治療策略設計適當的方案進行嘗試,得到可靠的臨床研究結論,為推動PBMT的應用提供有價值的理論支持;另一方面,需要臨床操作人員遵守現有的使用規范,為患者帶來切實有效的治療,使PBMT治療得到大眾的廣泛接受和認可,為PBMT真正成為一項常態化醫療服務帶來更多可能性。

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收稿日期:2024-04-11;修回日期:2024-05-07。

基金項目:國家自然科學基金青年項目(82305400);河南省科技攻關項目(242102310183);河南省青年自然科學基金項目(202300410388);河南省醫學教育研究項目(Wjlx2020529)。

作者簡介:張昊葳,碩士研究生。

* 通信作者:王海明,副主任醫師,主要從事康復醫學方面的研究。E-mail: wanghaiming866@163.com。

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