運用語篇知識，突破問題-解決型說明文

段姣弟

一、研究背景

問題-解決型說明文指的是語篇模式為“問題--解決”的說明文。在全國高考英語試題中，問題--解決型說明文往往出現在C篇或D篇閱讀語篇里，其主題語境主要是人與自然，討論的話題往往是環境問題。偶爾出現主題語境是人與社會的語篇，討論某個社會問題。

問題-解決型說明文篇幅較長，段落個數多，多長難句。很多考生不清楚問題-解決型說明文的語篇結構和話語標記語，看完文章后仍是一頭霧水、不知所云，因而做題正確率低。本文將通過揭秘問題-解決型說明文的語篇特點、語篇結構、話語標記語，突破問題-解決型說明文的主旨、說明方法，并利用語篇結構對具體信息準確定位。

二、問題-解決型說明文的語篇結構

問題-解決型說明文的宏觀語篇結構一般由情景（situation）、問題（problem）、原因（cause）/ 結果（result）、解決方案（solution）、評價（evaluation）五個部分組成。接下來，本文將從近五年的高考真題閱讀語篇中選取三篇來分析問題-解決型說明文的語篇結構和說明方法。

案例1 2022新高考全國Ⅱ卷C篇閱讀理解

Over the last seven years， most states have banned texting by drivers， and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.

Yet the problem， by just about any measure， appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving， as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents， which had fallen for years， are now rising sharply.

That is partly because people are driving more， but Mark Rosekind， the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration， said distracted（分心）driving was “only increasing， unfortunately.”

“Big change requires big ideas.” he said in a speech last month， referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior， lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach： They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.

An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this： An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted， emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.

“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior，” said Félix W. Ortiz， who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law， he said， “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”

8.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US？

A.Ineffective. __________B.Unnecessary．

C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair．

9.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out？

A.Where a driver came from.

B.Whether a driver used their phone．

C.How fast a driver was going.

D.When a driver arrived at the scene．

10.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to？

A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws．

11.What is a suitable title for the text？

A.To Drive or Not to Drive？ Think Before You Start

B.Texting and Driving？ Watch Out for the Textalyzer

C.New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers

D.The Next Generation Cell Phone： The Textalyzer

語篇結構：情景+問題+解決方案+評價

［What］ 本文是一篇說明文，主題語境是人與社會，為解決司機開車時使用手機造成分心從而引發交通事故的問題，紐約的立法者提出使用Textalayzer這一設備來監控司機開車的時候是否使用手機。

［Why］ 本文旨在引導考生關注社會問題，倡導考生從小樹立安全駕駛的意識。

［How］ 本文的語篇模式是“問題-解決”模式。文章第1自然段給讀者提供一個“情景”：過去的7年里，大多數的州禁止司機開車時發短信，社會團體也嘗試了各種方法勸說人們開車時放下手機。接著，第2自然段，作者以“Yet”引出存在的“問題”，即the problem appears to be getting worse， 其中“problem”是問題的話語標記語。

第3自然段至第5自然段主要對“解決方案”進行描述。第4自然段的最后一個句子 So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior， lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach…引導出第一個解決方案，即 treat distracted driving like drunk driving。第5自然段的第一句話An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer， 即紐約的立法者提出使用Textalayzer這一設備來監控司機開車的時候是否使用手機。其中“change” “approach” “idea”和“a new device”是“解決方案”的話語標記語。

文章最后一段屬于“評價”部分，Felix W. Ortiz 對該解決方案發表評價。其中最為明顯的標志是 “…，” said Félix W. Ortiz， “…，” he said， “…”。其中， “…can change people’s behavior”是對解決方案有效性的積極評價。

本文語篇結構圖如下：

案例說明：

本文是一篇典型的問題-解決型說明文。分析題干不難發現，28題考查考生對“情景”設置的理解，為推理判斷題。29題考查考生對“解決方案”具體內容的理解，為細節理解題。30題考查考生對“評價”的內容的理解。該題雖然沒有直接考查“評價”，為猜測字詞題，但是這個“something”是Félix W. Ortiz對實施方案有效性評價里的內容。31題考查考生對語篇的整體理解，為主旨大意題。這要求考生清楚語篇的類型、結構，找出問題和解決方案的具體內容。

考生應用語篇知識，很容易就能鎖定答案區域，準確定位各題答案。28題的答案區域在第1自然段，即 “情景”處。由第2自然“Yet the problem， by just about any measure， appears to be getting worse”可知，禁令的實施收效甚微，即ineffective，故答案為A。29題答案區域在第5自然段，即“解決方案”處。由 It would work like this：… The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted， emailed or done anything else …可知，Textalyzer能夠幫警察確定司機是否使用了手機。故答案為B。

30題的答案區域在最后一段，即“評價”處。根據最后一段的最后一句可知，Textalyzer法案成為法律，人們將改變自己的行為。由此可知something在此處指的是法律。故選D。31題需要考生從整體的角度把握文章的中心思想，即為解決司機開車時使用手機造成分心從而引發交通事故的問題，紐約的立法者提出使用Textalayzer這一設備來監控司機開車的時候是否使用手機。故選B最恰當。

案例2 2021新高考全國Ⅰ卷C篇閱讀理解

When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America， the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately， it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl （水禽） were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations， greatly reducing waterfowl habitat．

In 1934， with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act （Act）， an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory （遷徙的） waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act， all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling， a political cartoonist from Des Moines， lowa， who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources．

About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated．

28.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America？

A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports．

C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals．

29.What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph？

A.Acquire. B.Export．

C.Destroy. D.Distribute．

30.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934？

A.The stamp price has gone down.

B.The migratory birds have flown away．

C.The hunters have stopped hunting.

D.The government has collected money．

31.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？

A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story

B.The National Wildlife Refuge System

C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl

D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting

語篇結構：情景+問題+解決方案+結果+評價

［What］ 本文是一篇說明文，主題語境是人與自然。主要介紹了美國政府為解決水禽數量減少問題實行美國聯邦鴨票計劃。

［Why］ 本文旨在引導考生了解自然與人類的關系，引導考生關注環境問題，學會與自然和諧共處，積極參與環境保護工作。

［How］ 本文的語篇模式是“問題-解決”模式。文章第1自然段開頭給讀者提供一個“情景”：探險者和殖民者剛到北美大陸時，當地生態環境在土著居民的照料下保護得很好。接著，作者以“Unfortunately”引出存在的“問題”，即it took the explorers and settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources， 問題具體表現為水禽數量銳減以及水禽棲息地不斷縮小。第一自然段后半部分中的decimate， killed， dried， reducing等詞是“問題”的話語標記語。

第2自然段是對“解決方案”的描述。第2自然段的第一個句子 In 1934， with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act （Act）， an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of…引導出解決方案，即出臺《候鳥狩獵印花稅法案》。該法案要求16歲及以上的狩獵者必須購買美國聯邦鴨票才能合法地打獵。其中with the passage of … act 以及took firm action to 是解決方案的話語標記語。

第三自然段一方面談及了美國聯邦鴨票計劃實施的“結果”，即售賣美國聯邦鴨票的部分收入直接匯入候鳥保護基金會，并用于為候鳥購買棲息地。另一方面作者對該計劃實施的有效性進行了積極評價。其中，ensures， be protected， available， successful等是“評價”的話語標記語。

本文語篇結構圖如下：

案例說明：

本文是一篇典型的問題-解決型說明文。分析題干不難發現，28題考查考生對“問題”產生的原因的理解，為細節理解題。29題考查“問題”，是猜測詞義題。被要求猜測的詞“decimate”處于“Unfortunately”后，位于具體問題描述性的句子前，說明“decimate”所處的句子就是“問題”的概括句。由題干關鍵詞“result”可知，30題考查的是“解決方案”的實施結果，是細節理解題。31題考查考生對語篇的整體理解，為主旨大意題。這要求考生清楚語篇的類型、結構，找出問題和解決方案的具體內容。

考生應用語篇知識，很容易就能鎖定答案區域，準確定位各題答案。28題的答案區域在第1自然段，即“問題”處。由該段的最后一句可知，水禽數量減少的原因之一就是濕地減少。故選A。29題的答案區域在第1自然段，即“問題”處。“unfortunately”所在的句子講到的內容會比較消極，而A. acquire “獲得”、B. export “出口”、D. distribute “分配；散布”都屬于中性詞，只有C. destroy 偏消極。加之該詞位于具體問題描述性的句子前，說明“decimate”所處的句子就是“問題”的概括句。因此，劃線詞與C項的意思最接近。

30題的答案區域在第3自然段，即“結果”處，由 About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat …以及Since 1934， better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund…可知，方案實施的直接結果就是政府籌到錢，故選D。31題需要考生從整體的角度把握文章的中心思想，即美國政府為解決水禽數量減少問題實行美國聯邦鴨票計劃。故選A最恰當。

案例3 2020全國Ⅱ卷C篇閱讀理解

When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list， fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion （時裝） enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria（海貍鼠）．

Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”， says Cree McCree， project director of Righteous Fur．

Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month. Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species（物種）. It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi， an expert in this field．

The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades， but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s， the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.

Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green， but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300，000 nutria tails a year， so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur．

Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says， “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them--I think that’s going to be a massive thing， at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly．

28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn？

A. To promote guilt-free fur．

B. To expand the fashion market．

C. To introduce a new brand．

D. To celebrate a winter holiday．

29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria？

A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously．

B. Nutria are an endangered species．

C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals．

D. Nutria are illegally hunted．

30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean？

A. Boomed.__________ B. Became mature.

C. Remained stable.__________ D. Crashed．

31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan？

A. It’s formal.__________B. It’s risky．

C. It’s harmful.__________D. It’s traditional．

語篇結構：情景+問題+原因+解決方案+評價

［What］ 本文是一篇說明文，主題語境是人與自然。本文介紹了為解決海貍鼠瘋狂繁殖破壞濕地的問題，科學家們支付獵人獵殺海貍鼠，服裝設計師們將海貍鼠皮制作成衣服。

［Why］ 本文旨在引導考生了解自然與人類的關系，引導考生關注環境問題，學會與自然和諧共處，培養考生環境保護意識。

［How］ 本文的語篇模式是“問題-解決”模式。文章第1、2自然段開頭給讀者提供一個“情景”：一些生態學家和時裝愛好者正嘗試將海貍鼠皮制品帶入市場，新奧爾良市和布魯克林市舉辦了一場海貍鼠皮毛制成的衣服的時裝秀。接著，作者引出存在的“問題”，即the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year。此處的destroying是“問題”的話語標記語。

第4-5自然段分析“問題”產生的原因。一方面，被引進的海貍鼠生活在野外，當地的生態系統無法應對這種非本土的物種。另一方面，在20世紀80年代末期，海貍鼠皮毛市場崩潰。第3段和第6段分別提及了一個“解決方案”，即scientists decided to pay hunters $ 5 a tail以及… part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur。其中decided to…， is trying to…是“解決方案”的話語標記語。

第6自然段屬于“評價”部分。其中Model Paige Morgan says， “….” 和 Designer Jennifer Anderson admits…是“評價”的話語標記語。

本文語篇結構圖如下：

案例說明：

本文是一篇典型的問題-解決型說明文。分析題干不難發現，28題考查的是“情景”，為推理判斷題。29題考查“問題”，為細節理解題。30題考查“原因”，是猜測詞義題。31題考查的是“評價”，為推理判斷題。

考生應用語篇知識，很容易就能鎖定答案區域，準確定位各題答案。28題的答案區域在第2自然段，即“情景”處。由該段的 …have showcased nutria fur made into clothes…和 It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur…可知，時裝秀的意圖是推銷無罪惡感的毛皮衣服。故選A。29題的答案區域在第2自然段，即“問題”處。由the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year可知，因為海貍鼠破壞濕地進而破壞生態環境，所以科學家對它們很擔心。故答案為A。

30題的答案區域在第5自然段，即“原因”處。該題雖然沒有直接問海貍鼠大量繁殖破壞生態環境的原因是什么，但是“crashed”所在的句子談論的就是原因。由本段的the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy可知，海貍鼠瘋狂繁殖。由此可推斷出，20年紀80年代末海貍鼠市場癱瘓了。D選項的collapse “崩潰” 意思最接近，故選D。31題的答案區域在最后一段，即“評價”處。根據Model Paige Morgan says， “To give people guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them…in New York” 可知，在紐約穿毛皮衣服有風險。故選B。

綜上所述，我們不難發現問題-解決型說明文的“情景”“原因”“結果”和“評價”屬于可選成分，而“問題”和“解決方案”則是必要成分。但也有例外，2019浙江卷6月C篇閱讀中沒有提到解決方案。原因可能是語篇字數的限制或者有些問題目前沒法解決，因此只提及問題和分析問題產生的原因或造成的結果。考點設置方面， “情景”“問題”“原因/結果”“解決方案”以及“評價”部分都有可能被考查到，但考查區域重點集中在“問題”和“解決方案”。主要考點有細節理解題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題、主旨大意題。

三、結語

問題-解決型說明文的主題語境大多數是人與自然或人與社會，探討的話題是關于環境問題或社會問題。往往會重點圍繞著“問題是什么”和“怎樣解決問題”展開。考生只有明白問題和解決方案的具體內容才能弄清楚語篇的主旨大意。這類型的文章里，甚至題干里面往往會出現problem， concern， solution， measure， approach等詞匯。

熟悉問題-解決型說明文的常見的話語標記語可以幫助考生快速確定語篇的類型和結構以及說明方法。問題-解決型說明文中常見的話語標記語如下表所示。

【本文系江門市教育科學“十四五”規劃 （2021年度）課題“核心素養下基于語篇能力培養的高中英語閱讀教學實踐研究”（立項編號：JME21062）研究成果】

責任編輯 吳昊雷