妙用呼應(yīng)關(guān)系 巧解完形填空

林旭鵬

本文的“呼應(yīng)關(guān)系”指選擇項(xiàng)即備選詞與完形填空的上下文的相互呼應(yīng)，這種呼應(yīng)使得文章上下文語句內(nèi)容通順，情節(jié)合理，行文連貫等。妙用這種呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，可以快速地選擇正確答案填空，準(zhǔn)確地還原文章的本來面目。

筆者在課堂教學(xué)中，妙用下面幾種呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，在解答完形填空方面取得很好的教學(xué)效果。這里以2023年高考真題為例，談?wù)勥@些呼應(yīng)關(guān)系的妙用。

（一）詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)呼應(yīng)

詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)呼應(yīng)是上下文的某個詞或短語與備選詞互相呼應(yīng)，這個詞或短語可能是備選詞的同義詞、近義詞或反義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)，也可能與備選詞是語義關(guān)聯(lián)的復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此這個詞或短語是選備選詞的依據(jù)。

1.（2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）When I met Tiffys owners， they seemed very 27 . George， the husband， was trying to be calm， but …．

27. A. confusedB. nervousC. annoyedD. curious

析：下句calm與備選詞nervous是反義呼應(yīng)，選B項(xiàng)。

2.（2023年全國乙卷）The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the world ， helping her skyrocket from an 34 member of the national team to the top of the sport.

34 . A. amateurB. electedC. averageD. enthusiastic

析：the top of the sport的top（最優(yōu)秀的），與average（平凡的），能彼此呼應(yīng)，選average。

3.（2023年全國甲卷）But when we looked at the tomatoes， we were worried because they were so misshapen： not at all like the nice， round， 27 things you get in a supermarket.

27. A. simpleB. realC. shinyD. fun

析：misshapen（外表畸形的）表明下半句描述西紅柿的形狀，故選shiny（光亮的），詞義反義呼應(yīng)。

（二）備選詞與句子部分內(nèi)容呼應(yīng)

根據(jù)上下文某個句子的某部分意思去選擇備選詞，使得備選詞能符合上下文語境的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，那么句子這部分的內(nèi)容便是答案的依據(jù)。

1.（2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight 21 . They could not afford to pay for transportation for their dog， Tiffy， and 23 wanted to take her with them.

21. A. turnB. budgetC. scheduleD. connection

23. A. desperatelyB. temporarily

C. secretlyD. originally

析：根據(jù)下句前半句“They could not afford to pay for transportation for their dog， Tiffy， and…”比較4項(xiàng)備選詞，能呼應(yīng)第21空的是budget（預(yù)算）；同樣的，能呼應(yīng)第23空的是desperately（非常、拼命地），即：他們的預(yù)算很緊張，他們付不起狗狗的托運(yùn)費(fèi)，卻非常想帶狗狗Tiffy一起去Virginia。

2.（2023年全國乙卷）By 35 the Olympic all-around title， she became the first black woman to do so．

35. A. clarifyingB. defending

C. winningD. demanding

析：能夠呼應(yīng)句子后半部分“she became the first black woman to do so”的選項(xiàng)只能是winning 。

3.（2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）When I met Tiffys owners， they seemed very nervous. George， the husband， was trying to be calm， but I could tell this was 28 for him， having to leave his dog to a stranger and trust that everything would work out ．

28. A. hardB. fineC. commonD. lucky

析：連詞but和句子后半部分“having to leave his dog to a stranger and trust that everything would work out（他不得不把狗狗付托一個陌生人，并相信一切都會辦妥當(dāng)?shù)模笨梢院魬?yīng)A項(xiàng)hard（困難）。

4.（2023年新高考全國Ⅰ卷）As reported by a local newspaper， Bailey was more than twothirds of the way through her 24 when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She 25 to help her fellow runner， Danielle Lenoue. …. Bailey then 27 to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line，…

24. A. raceB. schoolC. townD. training

25. A. agreedB. returnedC. stoppedD. promised

27. A. went awayB. stood up

C. stepped asideD. bent down

析：這3個空都是依據(jù)句子部分內(nèi)容與備選詞的呼應(yīng)就能確定答案。根據(jù)a runner in front of her，第24空選race；根據(jù)to help her fellow runner， Danielle Lenoue，第25空選stopped；根據(jù)to let Lenoue climb onto her back，第27空選bent down。

（三）備選詞與單個句意呼應(yīng)

根據(jù)上下文某單個句子的句意和備選詞詞義的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，可以很容易地選擇正確答案。

1.（2023年全國乙卷）But it was 25 to take the leap （飛躍）， however heartbreaking it would be. Even at 14， Douglas knew that．

25. A. commonB. timeC. funD. tough

析：句子“Even at 14， Douglas knew that（甚至在14歲時候，Douglas認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)）”可以確定第25空與時間有關(guān)，故選time。

2.（2023年全國乙卷）The Chinese coach transformed Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the 33， helping her skyrocket from an average member of the national team to the top of the sport. By winning the Olympic allaround title， she became the first black woman to do so．

33. A. worldB. cityC. teamD. state

析：由整句“By winning the Olympic allaround title， she became the first black woman to do so.”可知Douglas贏得奧運(yùn)會全能冠軍，故選world呼應(yīng)此句意。

（四）備選詞與多個句子句意呼應(yīng)

如果上下文多個句子句意和備選詞的詞義相結(jié)合，能夠使得上下文句意完整通順，且行文符合邏輯，那么這些句子句意就是答案的依據(jù)。

1.（2023年全國乙卷）To become the Olympic champion in the individual （個人） allaround event， Gabby Douglas had to leave everything she knew best. She had to pack up her bedroom in Virginia. She had to say goodbye to her two dogs and to the beach， where she loved to ride waves on her board. But it was time to take the leap （飛躍）， however 26 it would be. Even at 14， Douglas knew that．

26. A. breathtakingB. heartbreaking

C. eyecatchingD. headspinning

析：前面3個had to（不得不）及其句意表明“take the leap”應(yīng)該是heartbreaking（令人傷心的），只有heartbreaking才能呼應(yīng)前面3個句子句意，是其句意的歸納總結(jié)。

2.（2023年全國Ⅰ卷）As for Bailey， she is more 31 about why her act is considered a big deal. “She was just crying. I couldnt leave her，” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”

31. A. worriedB. ashamed

C. confusedD. discouraged

析：Bailey告訴記者的話表明她對其行為被認(rèn)為是一件大事感到困惑，故選confused呼應(yīng)Bailey的困惑。

（五）語境一致呼應(yīng)

一個段落或段落內(nèi)部的多個句子會圍繞某個中心主題展開，形成一個完整獨(dú)立的語境。這個語境的意境要一致，比如語境是積極向上的，則呼應(yīng)積極向上方面的備選詞；語境是褒義的，就呼應(yīng)褒義方面的詞，照此類推。語境一致就是答案的依據(jù)。

1.（2023年全國乙卷）The Chinese coach 32 Douglas into one of the best gymnasts in the 33 ， helping her skyrocket from an 34 member of the national team to the top of the sport. By 35 the Olympic allaround title， she became the first black woman to do so. She 36 the competition from beginning to end. She said she had felt 37 all along that she would win．

32. A. forcedB. transformed

C. persuadedD. put

33. A. worldB. city

C. teamD. state

34. A. amateurB. elected

C. averageD. enthusiastic

35. A. clarifyingB. defending

C. winningD. demanding

36. A. followedB. organized

C. watchedD. led

37. A. confidentB. nervous

C. excitedD. uneasy

析：從關(guān)鍵信息one of the best gymnasts、the top of the sport、the first black woman to do so可知這3個句子是并列關(guān)系，語境相同，都是描述Dougla是一位頂尖體操運(yùn)動員。因此，為了呼應(yīng)此語境，要選擇那些體現(xiàn)“頂尖體操運(yùn)動員”的語境的詞。第32空選transformed（轉(zhuǎn)變），第33空world，第34空average（平凡的），第35空winning（贏得），第36空led（處于領(lǐng)先地位），第37空confident（自信的）。

2.（2023年全國乙卷）“Im going to inspire so many people，” she said. “Im ready to 40.” And shine she did．

40. A. shineB. flyC. danceD. score

析：從“Im going to inspire so many people，”和句子“And shine she did.”可知句子是并列關(guān)系，描述的語境是“我”會激勵別人，會給人正能量。故shine（亮光閃閃）可以呼應(yīng)該語境。

（六）備選詞與邏輯關(guān)系呼應(yīng)

上下文出現(xiàn)諸如because， despite， so that，but， therefore， eventually， although， and，or等詞匯時，由于這些詞匯表明上下文句子的邏輯關(guān)系，因此符合這樣的邏輯關(guān)系的呼應(yīng)是答案的依據(jù)。

1.（2023年全國甲卷）But when we looked at the tomatoes， we were 26 because they were so misshapen： not at all like the nice， round， shiny things you get in a supermarket．

26. A. worriedB. movedC. thrilledD. bored

析：句中because表明因果關(guān)系，由于西紅柿外表畸形，所以我們擔(dān)心（worried）。

（七）備選詞與主旨大意呼應(yīng)

一些記敘文或夾敘夾議的文章在篇尾處對全文的內(nèi)容作歸納概括或抒發(fā)感悟或闡明道理，揭示主旨大意，起到“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”的效果。呼應(yīng)這樣的主旨大意的備選詞就是答案。

1.（2023年新高考全國Ⅰ卷）Neither won the race， but the 35 of human kindness won the day．

35. A. secretB. displayC. benefitD. exchange

析：文章講述在越野比賽過程中，賽友腳扭傷，“我”背她過終點(diǎn)線并接受醫(yī)療檢查的善行義舉。第35空的句子是文章最后一句，揭示主旨大意（兩人都沒有贏得比賽，但展示出的人類善良贏得了勝利）。故display能夠呼應(yīng)文章主旨大意。

2.（2023年全國甲卷）Its good to eat things at the correct time， when theyre in season， and as close as possible to where they were grown. What Mario had 40 us was the taste of the Garfagnana．

40. A. cookedB. givenC. boughtD. told

析：這是文章的末段。本文是記敘文，講述了居住在Garfagnana的作者的鄰居Mario給作者一家送了自己種的西紅柿和釀的酒，雖然西紅柿的外表畸形和酒很渾濁，但是嘗試過后，發(fā)現(xiàn)比超市的好，讓作者明白僅僅以外表來判斷食物是否好吃是不明智的。故可以呼應(yīng)此主旨大意的是told，即“Mario給我們的是Garfagnana的味道。”

上面幾種呼應(yīng)關(guān)系對解答完形填空有很大幫助，既能點(diǎn)撥思維，也能給學(xué)生有一種“柳暗花明又一村”的解題境界，有益英語成績提高。同學(xué)們不妨試一試。

責(zé)任編輯吳昊雷