


摘" " 要:云青1號是云南省紅河熱帶農業科學研究所科研人員從云南省河口縣集市上購買柚果后通過種子繁育選育出的柚新品種。該品種樹勢強旺,樹姿開張,萌芽力中等,成枝能力強;果實呈飽滿長水滴形,平均單果質量1.56 kg,果實可食率68%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.3%,總酸含量0.47 g·100 g-1,固酸比24.04,維生素C含量56.7 mg·100 g-1,維生素E含量0.407 mg·100 g-1。在云南省河口縣2月初現蕾,3月盛花,9月下旬成熟,果實生育期190 d左右。果實成熟后,果面主色綠色,果肉紅色,汁胞呈水晶切面晶瑩剔透,無苦麻味,汁胞不粒化,單一品種種植表現為無籽或少籽。該品種植株較耐貧瘠,耐高溫高濕,適宜熱區栽培,云南南部熱區和全省低熱河谷區域均可種植。
關鍵詞:青皮紅心柚;新品種;云青1號
中圖分類號:S666.3 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)08-1696-04
Breeding report of a new pomelo cultivar Yunqing 1 with green skin and red pulp
ZHAO Dongxing, YANG Yongzhi, CHEN Linyang, LI Chun*, BI Guanglin, ZHANG Jianchun, LI Wanyun, LI Yonghui
(Honghe Institute of Tropical Agriculture of Yunnan, Hekou 661399, Yunnan, China)
Abstract: Yunqing 1 is a new pomelo cultivar selected by Honghe Tropical Agricultural Science Institute of Yunnan. In September 2007, the researchers purchased a batch of pomelo with green skin and red pulp from the market of Hekou county, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan province. Finally, 104 maternal trees were obtained through seedling breeding. Those trees began to bear fruit in 2013. After two consecutive years of observation, an optimized strain with early flowering, medium ripening, large fruit juice content, high sweetness, long fruit retention time and resistance to granulation of flesh was selected. In 2014, local sour pomelo was used as the rootstock for top-grafting and the observation experiment was conducted. In 2016, the flower and fruit were tested. After two consecutive years of investigation on the botanical characteristics of the top-worked Qingpi red pomelo, no atypical plant appeared in the investigation. In 2018, the application for protection of new varieties was submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. After years of continuous observation, the variety performance was stable in Hekou of Yunnan province. In October 2021, it passed the on-site examination of experts. On March 7, 2023, it was authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for the protection of new varieties of plants (Code of Plant variety rights: CNA20184826.0) and named Yunqing 1. The cultivar has strong growth vigor, open tree gesture, medium bud breaking rate and strong branching ability. It enjoys sunlight and high temperature environment. It begins to produce in third year, and enters the fertile period in fifth year. The fruit shows long water droplet shape. The average weight of single mature fruit is 1.56 kg and the edible rate of fruit is 68%. The soluble solid content is 11.3%, the total acid is 0.47 g·100 g-1, the solid/acid ratio is 24.04, the content of vitamin C is 56.7 mg·100 g-1, and the content of vitamin E is 0.407 mg·100 g-1, all of which were superior to the control variety Chandler pomelo. In Hekou area of Yunnan, the bud break appears in early February, flowers bloom in March, fruits mature in late September, and the fruit growth period is about 190 d. After the fruits mature, the main color of the fruit surface is green and the flesh is red. The juice cell is three-dimensional slice crystal and clear without bitter hemp taste and the juice sac is not granulated. Seedless or less seeded pomelo fruits can be obtained under monoculture conditions. The plant of this variety is resistant to barren, high temperature and high humidity, which is suitable for cultivation in hot areas, and can be planted in southern hot areas and low hot valley areas of Yunnan.
Key words: Pomelo with green skin and red; New cultivar; Yunqing 1
青皮紅心柚為蕓香科(Rutaceae)柑橘屬(Citrus)柚[Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck]的一種,原產地為東南亞的泰國、越南和中國云南南部熱區,因成熟后果表綠色,果肉紅色而得名青皮紅心柚,簡稱青柚[1],其果肉水分充足、口感清甜,低糖低酸,含有豐富的胡蘿卜素、膳食纖維和多種維生素成分,有較高的營養價值和保健功能,受到消費者青睞[2]。云南省西雙版納、紅河州先后引進泰國紅寶石青柚和越南青柚種植,但引種栽培的青柚多為種植戶自繁自育、自由引種,種源多、品種雜,沒有經過優良品種篩選和純化,缺乏適宜云南省栽培的優良品種,導致種植效益不高,嚴重制約著產業的發展和市場競爭力的提高[3]。為培育出適宜云南熱區栽培的優質高值新品種,豐富云南鄉土柚品種,提高青柚產業的地位,云南省紅河熱帶農業科學研究所從2007年開始開展柚種質資源的收集、保存與創制研究,經過10余年的栽培試驗與調查,選育出了一個具有自主產權的青柚新品種云青1號。
1 選育過程
2007年9月云南省紅河熱帶農業科學研究所科研人員從云南省紅河州河口縣集市上購買到的一批青皮紅肉柚果,通過種子繁育最終得到實生母樹104株。實生母樹于2013年開始掛果,經過連續2 a(年)的觀測記錄,從中篩選出1株具有早花、中熟、果汁含量高、甜度高,果實留果時間長,汁胞不粒化的優株(自用代號5-2),將其定為優系。2014年以本地酸柚為砧木進行高枝換接并進行觀察試驗,2016試花掛果,經過連續2 a對高枝換接的青皮紅肉柚進行植物學特征和生物學性狀調查,沒有非典型植株出現,說明無性繁殖植株的植物學特征和生物學性狀一致。2018年向農業農村部提交植物新品種保護申請,通過多年連續的觀察,該品種性狀穩定,在云南省河口縣9月下旬至10月初成熟,2021年10月通過專家現場審查,2023年3月7日獲農業農村部植物新品種保護授權(品種權號:CNA20184826.0),定名為云青1號(圖1)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
云青1號樹勢強旺,樹姿開張,萌芽力中等,成枝能力強,幼樹生長旺盛,新梢呈綠色、有短刺,無茸毛;花蕾為白色間綠點,盛開時花瓣為白色,雄蕊平均數量25枚,雌蕊1枚,可自花結實;葉片長14.85 cm,寬8.11 cm,橢圓形,有波狀緣,葉片較厚、綠色深有光澤,有翼葉,翼葉長3.7 cm,寬4.2 cm;成年樹枝條生長量大,枝條密。
2.2 生長結果習性
云青1號喜光、耐高溫的環境,嫁接苗當年可長1~2 m冠幅,結果早,定植第2年開始少量開花結果,3 a投產,5 a進入豐產期,以短狀枝結果為主;如果果樹營養過剩,容易形成營養枝和徒長枝,結果能力降低。
2.3 物候期
云青1號在云南省河口縣2月初現蕾,3月盛花,9月下旬成熟可陸續采摘,果實生育期190 d左右(表1)。
2.4 果實品質性狀
如表2所示,該品種果實縱徑16.90 cm,橫徑15.48 cm,最寬處近果頂,呈飽滿長水滴形,平均單果質量1.56 kg,豐產性強。果實表面有凹凸,果面主色綠色,油胞明顯。果皮厚度1.46 cm,硬度高,果肉紅色,β-類胡蘿卜素(w,后同)58.7 μg·100 g-1,汁胞現水晶切面晶瑩剔透,肉質脆嫩化渣,汁液多,風味清甜,主要用于鮮食;果實可食率68%,可溶性固形物含量11.3%,固酸比24.04,維生素C含量56.7 mg·100 g-1,維生素E含量0.407 mg·100 g-1,均優于對照品種強德勒。
2.5 特異性和抗逆性
云青1號果實成熟后果面主色綠色無雜色,果肉紅色,汁胞呈水晶切面晶瑩剔透,汁胞不粒化,無苦麻味,單一品種種植表現為無籽或少籽,與其他品種混種平均種子數為83枚。植株較耐貧瘠,壤砂土、礫壤土均宜栽培,云南南部熱區和全省低熱河谷區域均可種植。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 定植建園
適宜年平均溫度24 ℃,絕對最低溫度≥10 ℃,1月平均溫度≥4 ℃,年日照時數達到1600 h,≥10 ℃的年積溫5000 ℃以上區域種植。宜選擇平地、緩坡地、丘陵,坡度10o~25o之間建園,園區土壤有機質含量≥1%,pH在5.5~6.5之間,土層深厚,土層在40 cm以上,地下水位1 m以下效果較好。
3.2 肥水管理
春夏淺施,秋冬深施;化學肥料淺施,磷、鉀、有機肥深施,遵循以有機肥為主、化學肥料為輔的原則。每年10—11月結合施采果肥和綠肥還田時進行,對管理差的果園在樹冠滴水線以外的土壤全面深翻30~50 cm,回填入經腐熟的有機肥或腐爛的覆蓋物,回填時混以綠肥、秸稈或腐熟的人畜糞尿、堆肥、餅肥等,表土放在底層,心土放在表層,然后對穴內灌足水分。
3.3 整形修枝
樹形選擇變則主干形、自然開心形、自然圓頭形。幼樹以培養樹形骨架為目的,定干高度60 cm,主干留2~3個主枝,每一主枝上留2~3個副主枝,每年健壯的外圍枝上始終只留1~3條新梢。結果樹修枝整形按照控上促下、控外促內的原則,使枝梢分布合理,上下不重疊,左右不擁擠,結構緊湊,通風透光,調整樹體營養與生殖生長的平衡,促進掛果。
3.4 花果管理
花前復剪,強枝適當多留花,有葉單花多留,抹除畸形花、病蟲花。適當抹除春梢,5—6月份抹除夏梢,控施氮肥。根據葉果比疏果,保留大果,疏除畸形果、病蟲果、弱小果。
3.5 主要病蟲害防治
云青1號主要受潛葉蛾、薊馬、紅蜘蛛、介殼蟲危害,對潰瘍病有一定抗性,種植過程中以農業防治和物理防治為基礎,生物防治為核心,按照病蟲害的發生規律,科學使用化學防治技術。
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收稿日期:2024-04-07 接受日期:2024-05-11
基金項目:云南省院士(專家)工作站項目(202305AF150145);云南省高層次科技人才及創新團隊選拔專項(202405AD350031)
作者簡介:趙東興,男,副研究員,主要從事熱帶作物栽培與育種研究。E-mail:dongxingzhao11@126.com
*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:lichunhonghe@126.com