




摘要:目的 了解上海某三甲醫院利奈唑胺非敏感腸球菌的流行趨勢、分布特征及其耐藥性,為指導臨床合理用藥和抗感染治療提供依據。方法 采用自動化儀器方法、紙片擴散法(K-B法)和E-test方法對2018年1月—2022年12月分離的菌株進行藥物敏感性試驗,參照2022版CLSI M100-S32標準判斷藥敏結果。結果 共分離出非重復利奈唑胺非敏感腸球菌(linezolid non-sensitive Enterococcus, LNSE)142株,其中糞腸球菌128株(90.1%),屎腸球菌13株(9.2%),鳥腸球菌1株(0.7%)。5年非敏感糞腸球菌(linezolid non-sensitive E. faecalis,LNSEFA)平均檢出比例(128/1621, 7.9%)高于非敏感屎腸球菌(linezolid non-sensitive E. faecium,LNSEFM)(13/1075, 1.2%),2019—2022年LNSE檢出率明顯高于2018年。分離菌株數位于前三位的標本類型是尿(50.4%),分泌物(20.6%),引流液(17.7%),分離菌株數位于前五位的科室是門診(22.0%)、泌尿外科(19.2%)、重癥醫學科(10.6%)、肛腸外科(9.9%)、燒傷科(9.2%)。藥敏結果顯示LNSEFA對抗生素的耐藥率多數高于利奈唑胺敏感糞腸球菌(linezolid sensitive E. faecalis, LSEFA),但對青霉素和呋喃妥因的耐藥率低于LSEFA,LNSEFA和LSEFA二者對磷霉素、青霉素G、呋喃妥因、氨芐西林敏感率較高,對萬古霉素非敏感率為0。LNSEFM對四環素、高濃度鏈霉素的耐藥率高于利奈唑胺敏感屎腸球菌(linezolid sensitive E. faecium, LSEFM),對青霉素、氨芐西林、呋喃妥因和萬古霉素耐藥率低于LSEFM。LNSEFM對萬古霉素耐藥率為0,而LSEFM對萬古霉素耐藥率為0.6%。結論 LNSE近幾年呈上升趨勢,對多數抗生素耐藥形勢嚴峻,應加強對其監測,指導抗生素的合理使用,預防和控制此類耐藥菌在院內傳播。
關鍵詞:利奈唑胺;腸球菌;耐藥性;流行趨勢
中圖分類號:R978.1 文獻標志碼:A
Epidemiology, distribution characteristics and drug resistance analysis of linezolid non-sensitive Enterococcus in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai
Zhang Yanjun1, Wan Yuxiang2, Ma Wei2," Huang Xiaochun2, Xu Li2, Deng Changzi2, Lin Jia2, and Qin Qin2
(1 Department of Disease Control and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433;" 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433)
Abstract Objective This study investigated the epidemiology, distribution and antimicrobial resistance of linezolid non-sensitive Enterococcus in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai during 2018—2022, for the rational use of antibacterial agents. Methods From January 2018 to December 2022, the clinical linezolid non-sensitive Enterococcus (LNSE) was collected and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using an automated instrument, the Kirby-Bauer method or E-test testing. The results were interpreted according to CLSI M100-S32 standard. Results A total of 142 non-duplicate isolates of LNSE were collected, of which E. faecalis (128 isolates), E. faecium (13 isolates) and E. avium (1 isolate) accounted for 90.1%, 9.2% and 0.7%, respectively. The average detection rate of linezolid non-sensitive E. faecalis (LNSEFA) (128/1621, 7.9%) was higher than linezolid non-sensitive E. faecium (LNSEFM) (13/1075, 1.2%). The detection rate of LNSE from 2019 to 2022 was obviously higher than that of 2018. The specimens with the highest number of isolated LNSE were urine (50.4%), secretion (20.6%), and drainage fluid (17.7%). The departments of outpatient (22.0%), urology (19.2%), intensive care unit (10.6%), anorectal surgery (9.9%), and burn (9.2%) were the top 5 departments according to their total number of bacterial isolates. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that LNSEFA strains showed higher resistance rates to most antibacterial agents than the linezolid sensitive E. faecalis (LSEFA) strains, while having lower resistance rates to penicillin G and nitrofurantoin than LSEFA strains. Both LNSEFA and LSEFA strains showed high sensitivity to fosfomycin, penicillin G, nitrofurantoin, and ampicillin, and the non-sensitive rate to vancomycin was 0. LNSEFM strains showed higher resistance rates to tetracycline, high concentrations of streptomycin than the linezolid sensitive E. faecium (LSEFM) strains, while having lower resistance rates to penicillin G, ampicillin, nitrofurantoin, and vancomycin than LSEFM strains. The resistance rate of LNSEFM to vancomycin was 0, while the resistance rate of LSEFM to vancomycin was 0.6%. Conclusion LNSE has been on the rise in recent years and is resistant to most antibiotics. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of LNSE for rational use of antibiotics and to prevent and control the spread of such resistant bacteria in hospitals.
Key words Linezolid; Enterococcus; Antimicrobial resistance; Epidemiology
腸球菌是臨床上重要的條件致病菌,在革蘭陽性菌檢出中僅次于葡萄球菌,可引起尿路、腹腔、膽管膽囊、血流、顱內和牙齒根管等多個部位感染[1]。利奈唑胺是唑烷酮類抗菌藥物,對大部分革蘭陽性菌具有較強的抗菌作用,尤其是對萬古霉素耐藥腸球菌(vancomycin-resistant enterococci,VRE)和葡萄球菌[2]。但目前隨著利奈唑胺的應用,利奈唑胺非敏感腸球菌(耐藥和中介)(linezolid non-sensitive Enterococcus, LNSE)的比例有所上升,對不同抗生素的耐藥率有所改變[3-5],對利奈唑胺耐藥性的增加同時導致了VRE治療失敗,對臨床治療帶來一定的挑戰。為了更好地指導臨床用藥,為抗感染治療提供依據,本研究對LNSE的流行趨勢、分布特征及其耐藥性進行總結分析。
1 材料和方法
1.1 菌株來源
所有菌株源自本院2018年1月—2022年12月患者標本培養檢出。
1.2 試劑與儀器
采用德國Bruker公司微生物質譜儀器對菌株進行鑒定,采用法國梅里埃細菌鑒定藥敏儀VITEK2-Compact、英國Oxoid紙片、溫州康泰E-test條對細菌進行藥敏試驗,參照美國臨床和實驗室標準化協會(CLSI)2022年M100文件[6]判讀藥敏結果。質控菌株為金黃色葡萄球菌ATCC25923、金黃色葡萄球菌ATCC29213、糞腸球菌ATCC29212。
1.3 數據分析
采用Excel和WHONET軟件分析數據。
2 結果
2.1 非敏感腸球菌在不同年份的檢出
2018—2022年共檢出非重復LNSE142株,其中糞腸球菌128株,占比為90.1%,屎腸球菌13株,占比為9.2%,鳥腸球菌1株,占比為0.7%(因鳥腸球菌檢出數量少,以下不做分析)。2019—2022年檢出比例(4.3%~8.6%)較2018年(0.8%)有明顯提高。2018—2022年非敏感糞腸球菌(linezolid non-sensitive E. faecalis,LNSEFA)檢出率介于1.0%~13.1%,均高于同年非敏感屎腸球菌(linezolid non-sensitive E. faecium, LNSEFM)檢出率0.5%~1.7%。5年內LNSEFA平均檢出率比例為7.9%(128/1621),高于LNSEFM平均檢出比例1.2%(13/1075),見表1。
2.2 非敏感腸球菌在不同標本的檢出
141株LNSE主要分布在尿、分泌物和引流液中,檢出率分別為50.4%(71/141)、20.6%(29/141)和17.7%(25/141)。另在組織、腹水、血、膿液和膽汁中也有少量檢出,見表2。
2.3 非敏感腸球菌在不同科室的檢出
141株LNSEFA和LNSEFM檢出數量最多的科室為門診(31株,22.0%),其次為泌尿外科(19.2%)、重癥醫學科(10.6%)、肛腸外科和燒傷科(9.9%),見表3。
2.4 非敏感與敏感糞腸球菌的耐藥率
LNSEFA對利奈唑胺的耐藥率和中介率分別為68.8%和31.2%。LNSEFA對抗生素的耐藥率多數高于利奈唑胺敏感糞腸球菌(linezolid sensitive E. faecalis, LSEFA),但對青霉素和呋喃妥因的耐藥率略低于LSEFA。LNSEFA和LSEFA二者對四環素和紅霉素的非敏感率高于90%,而LSEFA對紅霉素的中介率為38.9%,高于LNSEFA。LNSEFA對氟喹諾酮類抗菌藥物非敏感率約90%,對高濃度鏈霉素和慶大霉素的耐藥率接近50%和70%,而LSEFA對氟喹諾酮類抗菌藥物非敏感率約為40%,對高濃度鏈霉素和慶大霉素的非敏感率接近25%和40%。LNSEFA和LSEFA二者對磷霉素、青霉素G、呋喃妥因、氨芐西林非敏感率較低,對萬古霉素非敏感率為0。具體見表4。
2.5 非敏感與敏感屎腸球菌的耐藥率
LNSEFM對利奈唑胺的耐藥率和中介率分別為69.2%和30.8%。LNSEFM對四環素、高濃度鏈霉素的耐藥率高于利奈唑胺敏感屎腸球菌(linezolid sensitive E. faecium, LSEFM),對青霉素、氨芐西林、呋喃妥因、萬古霉素耐藥率低于LSEFM。LNSEFM和LSEFM二者對氟喹諾酮類抗菌藥物的非敏感率約為100%,對青霉素、氨芐西林、紅霉素非敏感率介于70%~100%,對高濃度慶大霉素的非敏感率約40%。LNSEFM對紅霉素和呋喃妥因的中介率略高,分別為50%和33.3%。LNSEFM對萬古霉素耐藥率為0,而LSEFM對萬古霉素耐藥率為0.6%。具體見表5。
3 討論
腸球菌感染在臨床疾病中占據著重要地位,可引起嚴重后果。腸球菌是糖尿病足Wagner 4~5級潰瘍中常見的革蘭陽性菌(4級:34.48%, 5級:25.00%)[7]。腸球菌感染占人工關節感染的5.2% [8],且治療失敗率高于其他菌種感染[9]。腸球菌感染是醫院獲得性革蘭陽性球菌血流感染28 d預后的獨立危險因素之一[10],其引起的血流感染30 d病死率為21.4%~40%[11-13]。腸球菌菌血癥最重要的并發癥是感染性心內膜炎,死亡率為8.2%[11]。急性白血病患者發生腸球菌血流感染的比例可達27%(83/312),其中87%由屎腸球菌引起,13%由糞腸球菌引起,由此導致的死亡率為10%[14]。
根據我國CHINET監測網數據結果,近5年腸球菌屬分離率占比為7%~9%,2018—2022年耐利奈唑胺糞腸球菌(linezolid resistant E. faecalis, LREFA)檢出率分別為1.9%、2.3%、3.3%、3.5%和3.4%,耐利奈唑胺屎腸球菌(linezolid resistant E. faecium, LREFM)檢出率分別為0.2%、0.3%、0.6%、0.4%和0.6%[4],兩者均呈遞增趨勢,且LREFA檢出率高于LREFM檢出率,與本研究中LNSEFA檢出率高于LNSEFM檢出率的結果一致。本研究中LNSEFA檢出率在2018年仍在較低水平,2019—2022年有較大增幅,檢出率均高于6%,最高為2021年的13.1%。LNSEFM檢出率自2018年0.5%上升到2019年1.1%后4年維持在1%~2%。本研究中LNSE檢出率高于全國水平,一方面可能由于本研究統計的是非敏感腸球菌,包括耐藥和中介菌株,而全國數據僅統計了耐藥菌株;另一方面我院為三級甲等醫院,耐藥率可能高于全國二級和三級醫院的平均水平。然而本研究中LNSEFA檢出率卻明顯低于我國另一家三甲醫院(22.0%,59/268)[15]。
LNSE檢出在尿液中占比最高,其次為分泌物和引流液,與另一項研究糞腸球菌主要檢出部位為尿液(45%)、傷口分泌物(19%)、血液(11%)、穿刺引流液(11%)的結果基本一致[15],另有研究表明尿路感染LNSEFA檢出率為22.61%(26/115)[16]。此結果提示應重視這些標本中的腸球菌藥敏結果,合理使用抗生素。
門診是LNSE檢出數量最多的科室,提示應關注從社區患者體內分離到腸球菌的利奈唑胺敏感性,合理調整抗生素的應用,同時這與通常認為的特殊耐藥菌主要發生在院內的觀點不一致,造成這種情況的原因有待進一步研究。泌尿外科、重癥監護室和肛腸外科檢出的腸球菌應同樣提高警惕,避免抗生素不合理使用引起治療失敗。本研究LNSEFA對磷霉素、青霉素G、呋喃妥因和氨芐西林保持較高敏感性,對其他抗生素的敏感性較低,值得注意的是,LSEFA對四環素和紅霉素的非敏感率同樣較高,約90%,與LNSEFA相當。而LNSEFM僅對呋喃妥因敏感性略高,仍有33.3%的中介率,LSEFM僅對高濃度鏈霉素和四環素具有較高的敏感性。有文獻報道,LRE對大環內酯類和氟喹諾酮類藥物的耐藥率為100%和89%[17],與本結果一致。本研究中LNSEFM對萬古霉素耐藥率為0,而LSEFM對萬古霉素的耐藥率為0.6%,未檢測到耐利奈唑胺耐萬古霉素腸球菌 (linezolid resistant vancomycin resistant Enterococcus, LRVRE)。然而在印度一篇研究中,LRVRE檢出率高達14%(136/961),值得注意的是,LRVRE在血液中的檢出率(25%)遠高于尿液(13%)和膿液(13%)[18]。
西班牙對13株LREFA和6株LREFM的耐藥機制進行研究表明,optrA和23S rDNA 中G2576T突變分別是導致糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對利奈唑胺耐藥的主要機制。在他們的研究中,12株糞腸球菌的optrA上游包括fexA,且兩者可同時進行轉移[17]。我國LRE中由于optrA基因導致的耐藥較普遍,且通常optrA 引起的利奈唑胺MIC值相對較低(4~16 mg/L) [19-20]。另一項研究中,LNSEFA對利奈唑胺MIC值為4、8和16的菌株分別是80.8%(21/26)、15.4%(4/26)和3.8%(1/26),攜帶erm(A)的LNSEFA占比為86%[16]。LNSEFA主要型別為ST16,ST16型中31.42%(11/35)和ST179型中5.88%(2/34)為LNSEFA [16]。
有研究指出,LREFA檢出率與同期萬古霉素和利奈唑胺使用強度呈正相關,LREFM檢出率與前6個月第四代頭孢菌素使用強度呈正相關[21]。利奈唑胺年消耗劑量與CC58-LREFA、ST16-LREFA以及optrA基因檢出率呈正相關,萬古霉素年消耗劑量與CC58-LNSEFA、ST16-LNSEFA檢出率顯著相關[15]。留置導管和氣管插管被認為是感染LNSEFA的獨立預測因素[16],也有研究表明既往使用碳青霉烯類藥物可能是LREFA感染的獨立危險因素[19]。因為治療LRE選擇的抗菌藥物有限,目前可采用與治療VRE相似的噬菌體療法[22]。
在一起由屎腸球菌引起的暴發事件中經調查發現,在鍵盤上分離到的菌株與患者菌株一致,說明腸球菌可在環境中傳播[23],應警惕環境污染進而引起患者LNSE感染的暴發。
本研究存在以下幾點不足:①此研究為單中心監測結果,應擴大監測范圍,聯合多家醫療機構進行多中心區域性長期監測;②未對LNSE的耐藥機制和抗菌藥物使用相關性進行研究,此部分內容將在后期工作中進行。
綜上所述,由于目前對于LNSE的治療選擇非常有限,以及存在通過環境污染進行傳播造成感染暴發的可能性,應加強對LNSE進行監測,合理使用利奈唑胺和萬古霉素,減少LNSE的產生。
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