中圖分類號:S66 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1002-2910(2025)03-0040-08
Progress in the study of factors affecting fruit firmness
XUE Zhizhan 1,2 ,RAN Jianglin 1,2 ,FENG Chen2,3,4,DUANXuwei2.3,4,WANGJing2,3,4,ZHENGBaojiangl
(1.Collegeofifeiences,NortheastForestyUniversityHarbin,Helongjiang6,hina;iuteof ForestryandPomology/BeijingAcademyofAgricultureandForestrySciences,Beijing10oo93,China;3.College ofLandscape Architecture,Beijing University ofAgriculture/National Forestry Grassland Cherry Engineering TechnologyCenter,BeijingOo93,China;4.NortheastAsiaBiodiversityResearchCenter,Harbin,Heilongjang 150040,China)
Abstract:Fruit firmness is acritical indicatoroffruit maturity,directly influencing fruit quality, transportationcosts,and shelf life,thereby determining the fruit'scommercial value.Consequently,itis essentialto elucidate andcontrol the factors thataffect fruit firmness.This paper reviewed the physiological and biochemical processes,geneticbasis,phytohormones (IAA,ABA,GA,ETHandBR),ndtransription factors (NAC,MADS,MYB)associated with fruit firmness.The various factors that regulate fruit firmness were summarized.
Key words:fruit firmness;physiology and biochemistry;phytohormones;transcription factors; genetic breeding
果實硬度是決定鮮食果實商品價值的重要因素。果實硬度的下降導致其不耐貯存和運輸,保質" 期縮短,從而增加了經濟損失和浪費[1]。
果實硬度的變化受到多種因素的影響。隨著生物技術的發展,科學家們通過基因組組裝、數量性狀定位(QTL)和全基因組關聯分析(GWAS),揭示了控制果實硬度性狀的遺傳位點,這為發現控制果實硬度的分子標記提供了幫助[2]。多組學分析進一步識別了調控果實硬度和軟化的關鍵基因,闡述了調控果實硬度軟化的過程[34]。基因編輯技術已在多種水果中應用于品種改良[5]。筆者總結果實硬度的研究進展,以期為為生產提供參考。
1影響果實硬度的生理基礎
果實的外層果皮包括角質層和表皮層,起到支撐和保護果實的作用。中層或內層果皮是主要的可食用部分,主要有薄壁細胞和維管組織構成,結構變化會影響果實硬度[6,7]。
1.1角質層對果實硬度的影響
角質層結構和組成是果實硬度研究的關鍵。研究表明甜櫻桃和蘋果中特定基因PaCER5、PaLACS9、PaLTPG1、PaWBC11和MdOSC1參與了角質層的合成,延緩果實的軟化[8]。藍莓果實角質層的厚度影響果實的軟化[9]。
1.2中層或內層對果實硬度的影響
研究發現桃果實中毛細維管束腔體擴大,內含物多糖增加,導致果實硬度下降[10]。葡萄果實維管束木質部導管壁的瓦解,水分運輸速率下降,導致果實硬度下降[1]。藍莓果實中央維管束和心皮主維管束周圍的薄壁細胞和果肉細胞的破裂,導致水分運輸速率和果肉硬度下降[12]。蘋果和弼猴桃發育后期木質部的瓦解與果實硬度下降密切相關[13,14]。
2影響果實硬度的生化基礎
2.1 纖維素
纖維素對維持細胞壁的穩定性具有重要作用。纖維素的變化對果實硬度也會產生影響,山楂的發育后期纖維素含量下降導致果實硬度下降[15]。桃果實中幾丁質類酶PpCTL1活性升高與果實發育過程中纖維素的含量下降趨勢一致[16,17]。內切 β-1,4-D- 葡聚糖酶(EGase)在轉錄水平的積累和酶活性的提高促使果實軟化。
2.2 半纖維素
半纖維素約占細胞壁生物量的1/3,通過與果膠或木質素的相互作用來加強細胞壁的穩定性[18]。蘋果果實發育后期半纖維素含量下降導致細胞壁結構降解,果實硬度降低[19]。
木葡聚糖內轉葡糖苷酶/水解酶(XTH)通過水解木葡聚糖來降低細胞壁中半纖維含量,影響果實硬度。甜櫻桃全基因組鑒定發現PavXTH14和PavXTH15的表達使果實中半纖維素含量下降,果實硬度下降[20]。蘋果中MdXTHB基因過表達可加速蘋果果實軟化[21]。柿子中基因DkXTHI在番茄中異源表達增加了果實的細胞壁和細胞間隙的密度,延遲果實的軟化;相反,DkXTH8的過表達促進番茄果實的軟化[22.23]。XTH基因在草莓果實軟化過程也具有調節作用[24]。這些結果說明不同的XTH在果實發育的過程和軟化過程中發揮不同的作用。
2.3 果膠
果膠是一種富含D-半乳糖醛酸的陰離子多糖,在植物的初生細胞壁和中間片層最為豐富[25]。其水解通常由果膠甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)果膠裂解酶(PL)、半乳聚糖酶(β-Gase)、鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖裂解酶等相互作用,使細胞壁結構相對松散,促進果實軟化,硬度下降[26]。
多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)在調控果實軟化過程中扮演著重要角色。通過抑制桃PpPG21、PpPG22的表達,PG酶的活性顯著降低,果實的表皮細胞更加緊密,果實硬度提高[27]。草莓基因FaPG1、FaPG2的沉默會提高果實硬度[28]。甜櫻桃 PaνPG38[20] 和無花果FcPG12[29]的超表達,果實的果膠含量下降,果實硬度降低。果膠甲酯酶(PME)在草莓[30]成熟過程中水解果膠,果膠局部pH降低,加速果膠溶解和果實軟化。在杏中隨著PaPME1轉錄水平增加,果實逐漸軟化[31]。
果膠裂解酶(PL)通過催化β消除反應,裂解多聚半乳糖醛酸的 ΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦΦ 糖苷鍵,降解去酯化果膠。抑制草莓的FaPLC和FaEG3基因表達,果實硬度增加[32];葡萄VvPL1基因在番茄中異源超表達,PL活性增高,水溶性果膠含量升高,番茄果實硬度下降[33]。沉默桃中的PpePL1、PpePL15后,延緩了果實硬度下降[34]。
β -半乳糖苷酶是一種水解酶,能夠催化乳糖中的β-1,4- 糖苷鍵的斷裂,將乳糖分解為葡萄糖和半乳糖。抑制草莓中 β- 半乳糖苷酶基因(FaβGal4),轉基因株系的成熟果實中果膠與細胞壁的共價結合和半乳糖含量提高,果實硬度提高約 30%[35] 。相反,番茄中異源過表達柿子 ?β- 半乳糖苷酶基因DkGAL1,轉基因番茄細胞間隙擴大,細胞緊密性減少,果實硬度降低[36]。
較高的鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖(RG-I)含量和分枝程度增加了細胞粘附性,降低了細胞壁孔隙率,保持了果實硬度[37]。抑制草莓中降解鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖裂解酶基因(FaRGLyase1)的表達,果實細胞壁內果中間片層成分更加完整,果實更結實[38]。
2.4 木質素
果實中木質素主要存在于皮層和果肉的維管組織中[39]。枇杷[40]中EjHAT1基因可以抑制木質素單體合成基因EjCAD5啟動子的活性,降低肉桂醇脫氫酶(CAD)活性和果實木質化程度,從而降低果實硬度。草莓[41]果實中木質素合成相關基因FaPOD27通過調節木質素合成單體G(愈創木基)和S(紫丁香基)的比例,影響果實的硬度。
2.5擴張蛋白
擴張蛋白(Exp)是一種非酶細胞壁蛋白,通過破壞纖維素微原纖維和半纖維素之間的氫鍵,促進果實軟化。EXP表達含量的差異導致葡萄[42]的硬度差異。草莓中FaEXP2和李中PsEXPA10基因隨著果實的軟化表達含量逐漸上升[43,44]。
3果實硬度的遺傳位點
果實硬度是重要的數量性狀,數量性狀基因座(QTL)分析可以找到果實硬度相關基因,相關位點可與果實硬度緊密連鎖開發分子標記用于輔助育種。通過BSA-seq和QTL聯合分析發現蘋果LG16上的果膠乙酰酯酶(MdPAE10),沉默后可提高蘋果肉緊致度和脆度[45]。甜櫻桃全基因組關聯研究發現,果皮的脆度與果肉硬度遺傳位點主要在LG4號染色體上[4,46]。在3個甜櫻桃的雜交后代群體中同樣在LG4上鑒定到果實硬度相關基因,并推測植物細胞壁擴張蛋白(EXP)和激素信號通路相關基因與果實硬度相關。甜櫻桃雷尼和薩米特的雜交后代中BSA分析,在LG6號染色體上發現了PavSCPL基因,該基因外顯子的 5.2kb 的缺失導致了果實硬度的增加[47]。在木瓜、草莓、山楂等中均找到與果實硬度相關的QTL位點,這為挖掘果實硬度關鍵基因和分子標記輔助育種奠定基礎[48-50]。不同類型果實硬度QTL定位的候選區間以及候選基因如表1。

4植物激素及相關通路對果實硬度的影響
4.1 乙烯
乙烯是呼吸躍變果實成熟的催化劑。S-腺苷-L-蛋氨酸合成酶(SAMS)、ACC合酶(ACS)和ACC氧化酶(ACO)是合成乙烯的關鍵酶[51]。乙烯信號傳導的關鍵包括內質網(ER)膜中的乙烯受體家族、CTR1蛋白激酶、生物活性未知的跨膜蛋白(EIN2)、轉錄因子EIN3、EIL、ERF[52]。
乙烯合成通路中基因結構的變異,會影響果實硬度。蘋果中乙烯響應因子ERF4編碼區的突變(C-G)會導致ERF3表達的降低,促進乙烯的產生和果實硬度下降;同時ERF4突變會導致MdTPL4蛋白遏制MdERF4作用下降,促進果實成熟和軟化。MdERF3、MdERF118啟動子8bp、3bp的缺失分別破壞了與MdDOF5.3、MdRAVL1的結合,促進了MdPGLR3、MdPME2和MdACO4的表達,果實硬度下降[53,54]。
乙烯合成通路基因含量的變化會影響細胞壁降解相關酶的活性,影響果實硬度。香蕉中乙烯合成通路轉錄因子MaERF11與組蛋白脫乙酰酶MaHDA1發生相互作用,顯著加強了MaERF11介導的MaACO1和MaEXP2、MaEXP7和MaEXP8的轉錄抑制,負調控香蕉的成熟[55]。木瓜中發現CpERF9直接與細胞壁修飾基因CpPME1/2和CpPG5的啟動子結合,抑制CpPME1/2和CpPG5基因的活性,提高果實硬度[56]。
4.2 脫落酸
脫落酸(ABA)是調控非呼吸躍變果實成熟的關鍵激素[57]。ABA合成途徑中,D-1-脫氧木酮糖5-磷酸(DXS)、玉米黃質環氧化酶(ZEP)、9-順式環氧類胡蘿卜素脫氫酶(NCED)起關鍵作用[58]。甜櫻桃中ABA可通過增加PavDof6的表達和抑制PavDof2/15的表達來促進果實軟化[59]。甜櫻桃中編碼ABA降解酶的PacCYP707A2基因沉默,促進ABA的積累以及PacNCED1轉錄水平的上調,從而導致PacACO1的上調和果實硬度的降低[60]。
4.3 生長素
生長素反應因子(ARF)、生長素/吲哚-3-乙酸(Aux/IAA)、生長素小分子上調RNA(SAUR)和生長素應答的GH3基因家族在果實發育過程中發揮著重要的作用[61]。桃中過表達生長素相關基因PpSAUR43 ,可抑制果實的軟化。酵母雙雜交和雙分子熒光互補表明 PpSAUR43 可能通過抑制PpCMB1(PpMADS2)蛋白的功能來抑制果實成熟[62];生長素轉導基因PpIAA1可與乙烯合成基因 PpACSI 啟動子結合并激活其表達,促進果實軟化。桃中過表達PpIAAI ,會通過增加乙烯生成,促進果實軟化[63]。在桃發育后期生長素合成基因 PpYUClI ,是控制果實硬度的候選基因[64]。草莓[65]外源噴灑生長素,其擴張蛋白(EXP)的活性下降,延緩草莓果實軟化。
4.4油菜素內酯
油菜素內酯(BR)在果實成熟過程中發揮重要作用[66]。研究發現,外源施加BR能抑制桃中果膠降解酶活性(PpPME1/3、PpPG、PpARF2和PpGAL2/l6 ),延緩果實軟化[67]。香蕉中MaBZR1/2可以通過特異性結合其啟動子中的CGTGT/CG序列來抑制乙烯生物合成基因(MaACS1、MaACO13、MaACO14)的轉錄,延緩果實成熟[68]。柿成熟過程中,DkBZR1通過與BR元件(BRRE)結合,抑制DkEGase1和DkACS1的轉錄,抑制成熟;而DkBZR2通過與 DkPLI,DkACO2 基因啟動子上E-box基序結合,加速果實軟化[69]。
4.5 赤霉素
赤霉素(GA)在種子的萌發、成熟和誘導開花和植物的生長發育中具有重要的作用[70]。研究發現外源噴灑赤霉素(GA3),柿中的DkNAC24、DkERF38、DkMYB22分別直接調控香葉基二磷酸合酶DkGGPS1、賴氨酸組氨酸轉運蛋白DkLHT1和果糖-二磷酸醛縮酶DkFBA1,分別導致類胡蘿卜素合成的抑制、乙烯前體的向外運輸以及果糖和葡萄糖的消耗,延緩果實軟化[71]。柿中GA信號轉導蛋白DkDELLA1/2增強了DkNAC9對DkEGase1啟動子的反式激活作用,促進了柿果實軟化[72]。植物激素信號傳導通路關鍵基因的變化和激素之間的相互調控,可影響乙烯的產生,調控果實硬度(圖1)。
5轉錄因子對果實硬度的影響
5.1MADS-box轉錄因子
MADS-box家族基因廣泛存在許多植物中,在果實硬度方面也有一定作用。甜櫻桃[73]PaMADS7正調控PaPG1的基因表達,影響果實硬度。桃中沉默MADS-box家族基因的亞家族成員PrupeFUL4(AP1/FUL),抑制PrupeACO1和PrupeACS2的表達,延遲果實軟化[74,75];草莓中沉默FaMADS1會促進基因FaPG、FaXTH表達,加速果實軟化。
5.2 NAC轉錄因子
NAC轉錄因子在植物發育和脅迫反應中發揮重要作用,也可以參與果實的成熟過程,影響果實的硬度。桃中兩個相鄰的轉錄因子PpNAC1、PpNAC5可以激活乙烯合成相關基因PpACS1、PpACO1和細胞壁降解相關酶PpCEL3、PpPME13、PpPG1/2、PpXET23/33促進果實成熟與軟化[7。香蕉中MaNAC1、MaNAC2可以抑制MaERF11進而抑制乙烯的產生,提高果實硬度[77]。沉默甜櫻桃基因PavNAC56和草莓基因FaRIF(FaNAC035),果實硬度增強[78,79]。

注:箭頭表示激活,箭頭末端變鈍表示抑制;虛線表示間接對基因的促進/抑制。
5.3 MYB轉錄因子
MYB是ABA依賴性調控過程的轉錄因子,在果實成熟的調控研究較少。近期研究發現,MYB轉錄因子在調控果實硬度方面也發揮著重要作用。草莓中過表達FvMYB79可提高FvPME38的轉錄水平,導致果實硬度下降[80]。木瓜CpMYB1、CpMYB2抑制細胞壁降解酶基因CpPME1、CpPME2、CpPG5的啟動子,延緩果實軟化[81]。藍莓中VcMYB30與蠟質合成基因VcKCS1、VcKCS11、VcLACS8、VcKCR1啟動子結合,促進藍莓表面果實蠟質的積累,延緩果實軟化[82]。香蕉中MaMYB4負調控香蕉的成熟。MaMYB4被E3連接酶MaBRG2/3的蛋白質泛素化,隨著果實的成熟而減少[83]。MaMYB4在番茄中的異源表達延遲了番茄果實的成熟,并伴有乙烯生物合成(SIACS2)和細胞壁修飾基因(SIXTH5、SIPG2、SIEXP1)的下調。
5.4其他轉錄子
香蕉MaTCP5和MaTCP20促進了MaXTH10/11的轉錄,促進香蕉果實軟化[84];草莓中FvWRKY48的過表達和RNAi沉默,影響細胞壁酶FvPLA的活性,從而影響果實硬度[85]。甜櫻桃果實中過表達轉錄因子PavDof6和PavDof2/15,細胞壁降解相關基因PavQRT3、PavPME44、PavXTH31和PavXTH26的上調和下調,分別導致甜櫻桃果實硬度降低和升高[58]。草莓中通過瞬時表達和基因沉默 FνTCP9 ,可以影響ABA合成通路基因的表達,進而改變ABA含量,果實硬度下降和上升[86]。桃中 PpHB.G7 與乙烯合成相關基因 PpACSI 和 PpACOI 結合并刺激其表達,促進果實軟化[87]。總之,不同類型的轉錄因子通過調節激素信號通路基因或細胞壁代謝相關基因,從而影響果實的硬度。
6小結與討論
果實硬度的變化是一個復雜的過程。細胞壁的結構變化和代謝過程中的蛋白質調節是影響果實硬度的直接因素。細胞壁的主要成分(纖維素、半纖維素、果膠和木質素)以及它們的合成和降解酶,共同決定了細胞壁的穩定性和果實的硬度。乙烯、脫落酸、生長素、赤霉素和油菜素內酯等激素在果實成熟過程中起到關鍵作用。這些激素合成、運輸和傳導過程中的相關基因通過直接或間接影響細胞壁代謝相關酶的活性來調節果實硬度。越來越多的轉錄因子通過調控與果實軟化相關的下游靶基因的表達,對果實硬度的調控起到一定作用。有些轉錄因子通過影響激素水平調控果實硬度。
隨著基因組學、轉錄組學、蛋白質組學和代謝組學等的發展,研究人員能夠發現控制果實硬度的新基因和次級代謝物,解析轉錄因子與激素及其他蛋白質之間的相互作用網絡,以全面理解它們如何共同調控果實硬度。基因編輯技術應用的廣泛,可以完善其在果實硬度調控中的應用。筆者總結的是果實硬度形成的一般規律,同一類型的基因在不同物種中可能發揮不同甚至相反的作用,利用基因工程改造果實硬度需要足夠的前期實驗。通過研究,我們可以通過生物信息技術和現代生物技術相結合,從而為果實品質的改良提供更加精確的策略。
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