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內隱社會認知的干預方法

2025-09-28 00:00:00郭小麗常駿圭沙嗎阿杰楊紫嫣
心理科學進展 2025年9期

1引言

隨著社會認知研究的發展,人們逐漸意識到,許多心理和行為并非完全由顯性意識驅動,而是深植于個體的無意識層面(Nisbettamp;Wilson,1977)。20世紀90年代,“內隱社會認知\"概念的提出,為理解人類行為的潛在心理機制提供了新的視角。根據內隱社會認知理論,人們的社會心理和行為常常受到無意識的、自動化心理過程的影響。內隱社會認知逐漸成為社會心理學領域的焦點,其內容聚焦于內隱態度、內隱刻板印象、內隱自尊等方面。大量研究揭示內隱社會認知對個體心理和行為具有重要的作用,甚至對宏觀社會的教育、就業和司法系統具有廣泛的影響(楊紫嫣等,2015;Greenwald,Dasgupta,et al.,2022;Greenwaldamp;Lai,2020)。

隨著對內隱社會認知的深入理解,尤其是負面的內隱社會認知(如內隱偏見、內隱刻板印象、低內隱自尊等)可能導致的不良影響,例如偏見、歧視、社會不公等(楊紫嫣等,2015;Greenwaldamp;Lai,2020),研究者們越來越關注如何有效地干預這些內隱社會認知,以期降低其不良后果。為此,研究者們開發了一系列內隱社會認知的干預方法包括評價性條件反射、接近-回避訓練、群際接觸、接觸反刻板印象案例等等,并通過實證研究驗證了這些方法的有效性。本文將對有效的內隱社會認知干預方法進行系統介紹,并通過元分析揭示各類方法的干預效果。通過對現有干預方法的整合,本文希望為未來的內隱社會認知干預的研究和實踐提供依據,并探討未來改善干預效果的可能方向。

2內隱社會認知的內涵和測量

內隱社會認知主要描述的是自動化、無意識的心理過程,這些過程在個體未察覺的情況下影響其心理和行為(Greenwaldamp;Banaji,1995)。內隱社會認知主要包括內隱態度、內隱刻板印象和內隱自尊等。內隱態度是指個體在無意識層面所持有的、自動化的評價性反應或情感傾向,它通常對特定的對象、群體產生影響(Greenwaldetal.,2002;Wilsonetal.,2000)。內隱偏見通常被視作是內隱態度的特殊表現形式或負面的內隱態度(Gawronski,2024;Laietal.,2013)。研究表明,內隱偏見廣泛存在,個體往往在不自覺的情況下表現出偏見行為,且通常未能意識到自己的行為受到偏見的影響(Gawronskietal.,2022;Greenwald,Dasgupta,etal.,2022)。內隱刻板印象指個體無意識地對特定群體所持的自動化、概括性的認知或信念(Greenwaldamp;Banaji,1995)。內隱刻板印象廣泛存在于性別、種族、年齡、職業等社會類別中,在個體不知情的情況下影響其對群體成員的判斷和行為。內隱自尊是個體自動化、無意識的自我情感性評價(Falkamp;Heine,2015;Greenwaldetal.,2002),內隱自尊對個體的心理健康具有重要的作用(楊紫嫣 等,2015)。

內隱社會認知通常采用間接測量方法,其中最常用的是內隱聯系測驗(ImplicitAssociationTest,IAT)(Greenwald,Brendl,etal.,2022)。IAT采用計算機分類任務,通過相容任務(如“白人-積極\"和不相容任務(如“黑人-消極\"的反應時之差來衡量概念與屬性之間的自動聯結,從而間接測量個體的內隱態度、刻板印象、自尊等心理(Greenwald etal.,1998)。IAT作為內隱測量中最普及和有效的工具,在內隱社會認知研究中廣泛應用(Caiamp;Wu,2021;Jinetal.,2022;Zhuamp;Liao,2020)。

3內隱社會認知的穩定性和可變性

內隱社會認知是穩定的還是可變的一直是社會心理學領域備受關注且存在爭議的問題。早期的慢學習過程理論認為,個體在成長過程中通過漸進式學習逐步形成內隱偏見等內隱心理,因此內隱社會認知會隨著個體的自然發展而發生變化(Smithamp;DeCoster,2000)。與此相對,類別學習理論提出,個體一旦掌握了某一社會類別的概念,所有與該類別相關的聯結會自動形成并保持穩定因此內隱社會認知在個體的發展過程中應當是穩定不變的(Baron,2015;Dunhametal.,2008,2013)。

近年來,越來越多的研究發現,不論個體層面還是群體層面的內隱社會認知都是可變的(Marinietal.,2024;Vuletichamp;Payne,2019)。內隱社會認知的變化受短期情境因素和長期文化因素的共同作用。例如,特定的社會信息(啟發多元文化)能夠在短期內引發內隱態度變化,而持久的態度轉變則需長期的教育、政策和文化共同影響(Laietal.,2013)。從個體來看,Cvencek等人發現內隱刻板印象(如性別-學科)在個體發展過程中呈現出加深的趨勢,特別是在學齡兒童和青少年群體中,個體的內隱刻板印象隨著年齡的增長逐漸穩固(Cvenceketal.,2014,2015)。Cai等人通過追蹤研究進一步揭示了內隱社會認知既具有穩定性,也存在隨時間變化的潛力。具體而言,內隱自尊穩定性較低,整體呈下降趨勢;性別-學科相關的內隱刻板印象則展現出較強的穩定性;而內隱種族態度的穩定性則處于中等水平,其個體間的變化表現出較高的異質性(Caietal.,2021)。從群體來看,Charlesworth等人的一系列研究揭示了外顯偏見總體上呈現減少趨勢,而內隱偏見的變化模式較為復雜,受到個人發展和社會文化環境的影響(Charlesworthamp;Banaji,2019,2022a,2021)。其中,內隱種族偏見在長期文化和教育干預下更易改變而性別偏見更穩定(Charlesworthamp;Banaji,2022b)。認知神經研究揭示了內隱社會認知變化的生理機制,前額葉皮層和杏仁核等腦區活動與內隱偏見的改變密切相關(高可翔等,2023;Caiamp; Wu,2021)。

綜上所述,內隱社會認知既具有一定的穩定性,又會因情境因素而表現出可變性。鑒于此,研究者們致力于探索多種干預策略,以期降低負面的內隱社會認知(如內隱偏見),提升積極的內隱社會認知(如內隱自尊)。下文將系統介紹當前主要的內隱社會認知干預方法。

4內隱社會認知的干預方法及效果

基于已有研究,本文對主要的內隱社會認知干預方法進行了整理,下文將對各種方法及其效果展開詳細介紹。本文對這些方法的干預內容、干預原理、有效性、優缺點等進行了系統總結(表1)。本文進一步對各類方法的效應量進行了元分析,首先將原文研究報告的效應量統一轉換為Cohen'sd,之后基于各類方法的Cohen's d ,采用Jamovi軟件Major模塊進行了元分析(表1)。

表1內隱社會認知的干預方法總結

4.1評價性條件反射(EvaluativeConditioning,EC)

評價性條件反射是一種基于巴普洛夫經典條件反射理論的程序,廣泛應用于態度的形成與改變。其核心策略是通過反復將條件刺激(ConditionalStimulus,CS)與具有明顯情感效價的無條件刺激(Unconditional Stimulus,US)配對,從而促使個體對條件刺激的態度或評價發生變化(Moranetal.,2023)。大量實證研究驗證了EC在內隱偏見干預中的有效性。例如,Olson等通過將黑人面孔(CS)與積極詞匯(US)進行配對,發現參與者對黑人群體的內隱態度變得更加積極,表明EC能夠降低內隱種族偏見(Olsonamp;Fazio,2006)。類似地,將正面情感與特定群體(如黑人群體)建立聯結,可以有效降低對該群體的內隱偏見,并增強個體與該群體的正向情感聯結(Phillsetal.,2019),改善群體間的內隱態度,進一步推動群體態度轉變(Kurdietal.,2019)。另有研究進一步表明,EC能夠減少對特定種族的內隱偏見,如對穆斯林和阿拉伯群體的偏見(Frenchetal.,2013)。Lai等人通過系列研究驗證了EC對于減少內隱種族偏見的有效性,但發現該干預的時效性有限,均未超過24小時(Calanchini etal.,2021;Laietal.,2014;Laiet al., 2016)。

EC的應用不限于內隱偏見,其在減少內隱偏見的同時還能有效降低內隱刻板印象(Phillsetal.,2020)。如使用基于EC邏輯的“反刻板印象訓練”來減少內隱刻板印象,通過呈現一系列與刻板印象不符的刺激組合,例如將\"女性\"這一社會類別和“強壯”等特質詞匯相關聯并要求參與者對這些非刻板組合做出反應以形成反刻板印象聯想。結果表明,反刻板訓練成功減少了內隱性別、種族刻板印象(Gawronski etal.,2008)。

EC還能夠增強個體特定的內隱態度。例如,Qiu和Zhang發現,EC能夠改善人們對鍛煉的內隱態度,盡管其對實際鍛煉行為的影響較為有限(Qiuamp;Zhang,2020;Zhang et al.,2023)。Jeon 等(2019)的研究表明,評價性條件反射(EvaluativeConditioning,EC)能有效改善青少年對暴力行為的內隱態度。此外,EC還被證明可以改變個體對飲酒(Zerhounietal.,2019)、飲食(Shawetal.,2016)以及特定品牌(Charlesworthetal.,2020)的內隱態度。

此外,還能夠應用EC來增強內隱自尊。多項研究表明,通過將“我\"這一自我概念與積極的特質詞匯進行配對,能夠有效提升個體的內隱自尊(Baccusetal.,2004;Dijksterhuis,2004;Grummetal.,2009)。最新的研究表明,EC對內隱自尊的增強效果不僅在正常人群中有效,亦適用于臨床群體(如偏執癥患者)(Trucharte etal.,2024)。綜上,EC通過將正面或負面情感刺激與特定目標對象關聯,能夠有效改變內隱社會認知,并進一步影響個體的行為(Luo etal.,2024;Tello etal.,2020)。

4.2接近-回避訓練(Approach-Avoidance Training) 接近-回避訓練(Approach-Avoidance Training.

AAT是一種通過身體接近或回避特定刺激來影響個體態度的方法。通過訓練參與者接近黑人(看到黑人面孔圖片時使用操縱桿將圖片拉向自己)避開白人(看到白人面孔圖片時使用操縱桿將圖片推離自己),隨后用種族IAT測量種族偏見。結果發現,重復接近某一社會群體能夠改善對該群體的內隱態度,并且這種訓練在實際跨種族互動中促進了非言語行為(如微笑、眼神接觸)(Kawakamietal.,2007)。AAT在降低內隱種族偏見方面的有效性得到了后續研究的支持(VanDesseletal.,2016,2020)。Phills等人進一步擴展了AAT的應用,研究了策略(接近或回避)和情境(正面或負面)的匹配對干預效果的影響。結果表明,在正面情境中,接近策略顯著減少內隱偏見,而在負面情境中,回避策略更為有效,說明了策略與情境匹配的重要性(Phills etal.,2011)。

在AAT過程中增加特定指示,即接近-回避指令(AA指令),也能夠在內隱偏見干預中發揮一定的效果。AA指令指在實驗或訓練過程中,指導參與者對有關刺激進行接近或回避的特定操作指示,以確保參與者按照預定的規則進行操作。近期研究發現,相較于傳統的AAT,增加AA指令對于改變個體對不熟悉食品品牌的內隱評價具有更大的效應(Smithetal.,2020),進一步拓展了AAT在特定領域內隱態度干預中的潛力。綜上,接近-回避訓練通過引導個體對特定刺激進行接近或回避反應,關鍵時刻輔以指令能夠有效地干預內隱偏見及更廣泛的內隱態度。

4.3群際接觸(Intergroup Contact)

群際接觸理論作為減少群體間偏見的重要策略,已擴展至內隱偏見干預領域(Palucketal.,2019;Pettigrewamp;Tropp,2006)。群際接觸可分為直接接觸和間接接觸。大量研究表明,直接和間接接觸均能有效減少群體間的內隱偏見(Bondetal.,2023)。就直接接觸而言,Shook和Fazio(2008)通過大學宿舍系統的自然實驗,將白人新生隨機分配至與非裔美國人或白人室友同住,發現那些與不同種族室友同住的學生,其內隱種族態度和偏見表現出顯著改善,而與同種族室友同住的學生未見明顯變化。同樣,Wang通過將軟件開發人員分配至不同男女比例的研究開發團隊中,發現不同性別的直接接觸能夠減少對軟件開發職業的內隱性別偏見(Wangamp;Zhang,2020)。另有研究揭示了接觸質量和頻率對干預效果具有顯著影響(Farmeretal.,2020;Onyeadoretal.,2020;Wittlinetal.,2019)。最近一項縱向研究表明,高質量且頻繁的接觸能夠顯著減少內隱偏見,并預測外群體內隱態度的改善,為群際和諧提供了實踐指導(DiBernardoetal.,2022)。此外,在實施群際接觸干預策略時,應鼓勵積極的互動方式,并盡量減少消極的接觸體驗(Barlowetal.,2012)。

直接接觸可以有效干預內隱偏見,針對無法實現直接接觸的情境,研究者開發了間接接觸(如想象群際接觸、虛擬現實接觸)策略。想象群際接觸能有效減少對特定群體的內隱偏見(Stathietal.,2014;Turneramp; Crisp,2010;West et al.,2017)。如通過想象群際接觸減少對農民工、同性戀及肥胖人群的內隱偏見,值得注意的是,接觸類型及個體先前的接觸經驗會影響干預效果。隨著虛擬現實(VirtualReality,VR)技術的發展,研究人員嘗試將群際接觸拓展至虛擬現實層面。Tassinari等研究了VR中的群際接觸對內隱態度的影響。參與者通過VR沉浸在虛擬環境中,以白人身份與黑人(群際接觸)或白人(群內接觸)玩家進行互動。研究發現,通過VR與黑人的合作性接觸可以改善對黑人的內隱態度(Tassinarietal.,2024)。研究結果支持了群際接觸理論,并將其應用范圍擴展至虛擬現實環境(Doanetal.,2021;Sullivan-Bissett,2023),模擬現實世界中難以實現的積極群際互動從而降低內隱偏見。綜上,直接和間接的群際接觸已廣泛應用于減少群體間的內隱偏見且群際接觸的干預效果可延伸至內隱刻板印象領域(Eisenstadtetal.,2024)。具體而言,通過增強群體間的正面互動能夠增加對移民的積極情緒,降低對移民的負面內隱刻板印象,減輕因移民而感知到的威脅(Duque etal.,2024)。

4.4接觸反刻板印象案例(ExposuretoCounterstereotypical Exemplars)

接觸反刻板印象案例是指通過接觸與刻板印象不符的特定形象,從而減少對特定群體的內隱偏見和刻板印象,具體包括以下4種干預方法。首先,生動反刻板場景(VividCounter-StereotypicScenario)是一種通過情感和情境沉浸接觸反刻板印象場景的干預方法。在生動的反刻板場景中,參與者以第一人稱視角閱讀反刻板故事(例如,故事中黑人是正面形象,白人是負面形象,并且黑人英雄還拯救了被白人歹徒襲擊的\"我\"。這種方法能減少對黑人的內隱種族偏見(Marinietal.,2011)。第二,反刻板印象IAT練習(PracticingAnIATWith Counter-Stereotypical Exemplars)將IAT和反刻板印象典型案例相結合。Lai等(2014)在實驗中使用正面的典型黑人和負面的典型白人案例來增強對黑人的積極聯結和對白人的消極聯結,有效減少了參與者對黑人的內隱種族偏見。第三,通過競爭改變群體邊界(Shifting Group BoundariesThroughCompetition)旨在通過模擬團隊合作和競爭來改變對不同種族群體的認知。在模擬的躲避球游戲中,參與者與黑人隊友合作對抗白人對手,其中黑人隊友展現出積極行為,而白人對手則表現出負面行為。研究表明,這種方法能有效減少對黑人群體的內隱偏見(Laietal.,2014)。第四,威脅情境群體歸屬(Shifting Group Afiliations UnderThreat)是一種通過極端威脅情境干預內隱態度的方法。參與者閱讀一個關于核戰后威脅場景的故事(其中黑人角色被描繪為具有積極生存技能的“親密朋友”,而白人角色則是企圖破壞營地的“可怕敵人\"),結果表明這樣的方式能夠減少參與者對黑人的負面偏見(Parketal.,2007)。接觸反刻板印象案例的干預方法同樣適用于減少兒童的內隱種族偏見,但是其干預效果在較年幼的兒童(5~8歲)中不如年長兒童(9~12 歲)(Gonzalez et al.,2017,2021)。其他研究表明,有時僅依賴接觸反刻板印象的榜樣并不足以有效減少內隱偏見,需要設計更具個性化的訓練方案,以針對性地降低內隱偏見(Qian et al.,2017;Qian etal.,2022)。

綜上,反刻板印象案例在減少內隱種族偏見方面表現出一定的有效性。然而,現有的干預方法主要在實驗環境中驗證,在真實世界中的效果和持久性尚未得到充分評估,也有研究指出這些方法缺乏持久效應(FitzGeraldetal.,2019;Laietal.,2016,且單一的接觸反刻板印象案例有時候難以見效,需要同其他方法相結合。

4.5 內隱偏見培訓(Unconscious Bias Training, UBT)

內隱偏見培訓,或稱內隱偏見導向的多元化培訓(Implicit Bias-Oriented Diversity Training),通過結合多種認知干預策略提升個體對內隱偏見的認知與控制,進而減少內隱偏見(Hagiwaraetal.,2024;Palucketal.,2021)。UBT內容包含教育和培訓兩個核心部分:教育部分向參與者傳達內隱偏見的概念,幫助他們理解內隱偏見的存在及其對個人決策和社會行為的影響,特別是潛在的負面后果;培訓部分包括若干干預策略,旨在通過這些干預措施促使參與者從不同視角重新審視外群體,減少對特定群體的內隱偏見。UBT應用范圍廣泛,并且致力于將干預應用于實際(Devineamp;Ash,2022;Molleretal.,2024)。下面展開介紹幾種UBT中常用的干預措施。

4.5.1情境歸因訓練(Situational Attribution Training, SAT)

情境歸因訓練通過引導人們更加注重外部情境因素,減少將外群體成員的負面行為歸因于其內在特質的傾向,即基本歸因錯誤(Pettigrew,1979)。例如,Stewart等人發現接受SAT的白人參與者更傾向于使用情境因素來解釋黑人男性的負面行為,表現出更少的內隱種族刻板印象(Stewartetal.,2010),并且情境性歸因能夠減少群體間的內隱偏見以及后續負面行為(Levontinetal.,2013)。Stewart等人最近的研究通過更加密集的訓練設計,增加了訓練的深度和廣度,發現SAT的效果在24小時后仍然顯著,并且這種效果可以推廣到訓練中不涉及的負面內隱刻板印象。近期的研究顯示了SAT的時效性潛力,且表明通過重復訓練或結合其他干預措施,或能進一步延長其干預效果(Stewartetal.,2022)。總的來說,SAT的持久性和廣泛適用性使其成為內隱偏見干預的重要方法。

4.5.2 偏見習慣打破(Prejudice Habit-Breaking Intervention,PHBI)

偏見習慣打破干預理論將內隱偏見和刻板印象視為一種“習慣”,認為可以通過自主識別、調節以及系統行為進行有效干預,其內涵同UBT一致均包括教育和培訓兩個部分(Devineetal.,2012;Forscheramp;Devine,2014)。研究證明,PHBI是減少內隱偏見的有效方法之一,并且具有長時效應。例如,Devine等人(2012)進行的一項為期3個月的縱向研究發現,接受PHBI干預的實驗組的內隱種族偏見顯著下降,同時對歧視問題的關注顯著增強,并且這種效果直至第8周仍然存在,而對照組未表現出類似的變化(Devineetal.,2012)。PHBI在實際社會情境中也發揮作用(Coxamp;Devine,2019)。例如,多個研究顯示,PHBI在

STEM(科學、技術、工程和數學)領域的干預減少了內隱性別偏見和內隱性別刻板印象,顯著提高了女性招聘比例,促進性別多樣性和社會公平(Carnes etal.,2015,2023;Devine et al.,2017)。在最新的研究中,PHBI被應用于瑞典社會工作者的內隱偏見培訓。研究結果表明,盡管干預組內隱偏見的降低并未取得預期效果,但參與者對于內隱偏見的關注度得到了顯著提升(Bursell,2024)。這一發現說明PHBI的效果可能受到特定社會和文化背景的影響,強調了將實驗室中有效的干預措施轉化為實際應用時,須考慮干預措施的普遍性和適用性。

4.5.3啟動多元文化(PrimingMulticulturalism)

啟動多元文化通過促使個體認識、欣賞種族和文化多樣性,來減少對特定群體的內隱偏見。參與者被引導閱讀并反思多元文化主義理念,隨后通過IAT測量內隱種族偏見。結果發現,啟動多元文化主義有效減少了內隱種族偏見(FitzGeraldetal.,2019;Lai etal.,2014;Lai etal.,2016)。Salder等人通過研究美國351個大都會區域的種族多樣性,探討了其對內隱偏見(如黑人與武器的內隱關聯)的影響。研究發現,提升種族多樣性和種族融合度能有效減弱對黑人的內隱偏見(Sadleramp;Devos,2020)。參加多元化培訓(接觸、交流以及促進社會認同等)的個體的內隱偏見也有所降低(Behm-Morawitzamp;Villamil,2019)。這表明通過多樣性培訓,推動種族、群體多樣性和融合度,比單一增加少數群體比例更能有效減少內隱偏見。

綜上,作為一種綜合性的新興干預方法,UBT可以幫助人們提升偏見認知,指導人們識別并管理偏見,從而在日常生活中更加有意識地避免產生偏見及其帶來的負面影響(Bezyaketal.,2024;Cooperetal.,2022;Howell etal.,2024;Vitriolamp;Banaji,2024)。多數研究揭示了UBT的有效性(Jackson etal.,2014;Liangetal.,2019;Liu etal.,2022;Stoneetal.,2020),但也有研究發現UBT無效甚至起到反作用(Williamsonamp;Foley,2018)。例如,Lai的研究考察了內隱偏見的短期多樣性培訓是否能減少警察的內隱偏見,結果表明,盡管培訓提升了警察對偏見的意識,但并未能有效降低他們的內隱偏見(Laiamp;Lisnek,2023)。UBT的時效性也需要通過外界的不斷加強和鞏固才能保持(Lindvall-Ostling,2024)。

4.6 實施意圖(ImplementationIntentions)

實施意圖是一種以“如果-那么\"邏輯結構為基礎的策略,通過將預期目標行為與具體情境線索聯結,從而實現目標的條件反射形式(Sheeranetal.,2025)。Lai等(2014)探討了實施意圖對降低內隱種族偏見的作用。在實驗中,白人參與者被訓練形成特定的實施意圖,例如“如果我遇到一個黑人面孔,那么我將立即產生積極反應”。結果表明,這種方法在短期內顯著減少了內隱種族偏見,但其長期效果尚未得到驗證(Calanchinietal.,2021;Laietal.,2016。此外,實施意圖在減少內隱刻板印象方面也顯示出了有效性(FitzGeraldetal.,2019;Rees et al.,2019;Stewart amp; Payne,2008)。例如,Mendoza等(2010)通過兩項研究檢驗了分心抑制和反應促進這兩種實施意圖對刻板印象任務準確性的影響。結果表明,兩種實施意圖均能夠提高任務表現的準確性,即抑制內隱刻板印象的行為表現,且這種效應并非通過延長任務反應時間實現,表明實施意圖是通過反射性控制而非增加反應時間發揮作用(Mendozaetal.,2010)。綜上,實施意圖通過將目標行為與具體情境線索相結合,形成了一種自動化的條件反射,有助于個體通過反射性控制自動產生積極的反應從而短期內降低內隱偏見、內隱刻板印象及相應行為。

4.7靶向記憶再激活(TargetedMemoryReactivation, TMR)

睡眠對強化和鞏固清醒時形成的記憶具有重要作用,睡眠過程中自發的記憶再激活,這一過程可以通過靶向記憶再激活(TargetedMemoryReactivation,TMR)技術進行操縱。TMR通過在睡眠期間呈現與之前學習經驗相關的感官線索(如特定的聲音或氣味)來增強記憶的鞏固效果(Carboneamp;Diekelmann,2024)。Hu等人首次將TMR應用于內隱偏見的干預,發現接受“反刻板印象訓練”,即有意識構建與刻板印象相悖的聯想,以形成反刻板印象聯想,并隨后接受TMR的參與者,其內隱偏見顯著減少,且效果至少持續了一周(Huetal.,2015),強調了記憶鞏固在長期干預效果中的重要性。然而,Humiston等的研究未能重復Hu等人的結果,他們的研究發現,無論是在午睡后立即測量還是在一周后測量,TMR對內隱偏見都沒有顯著影響(Humistonamp;Wamsley,2019)。基于此,研究者強調需要使用更敏感的分析方法來驗證TMR在此類干預中的長期有效性(Aczeletal.,2015)。針對不一致的研究結果,Hu團隊對數據進行了重新分析,發現在特定的睡眠階段進行干預,特別是在慢振蕩上升階段實施TMR,可以更有效地減少內隱社會偏見,并且這種效果在一周后的測試中仍然持續(Xiaetal.,2023)。此外,Chen等人的最新研究擴展了TMR的應用范圍,探索了將自尊認知訓練與TMR相結合,以提升內隱自尊。研究結果顯示,通過在睡眠期間使用特定的聽覺線索激活記憶,可以長期有效地促進內隱自尊的改善(Chenetal.,2023)。綜上,TMR作為一種有效的內隱社會認知干預策略且具有長期時效性,但仍需更多研究進一步證明干預效果的穩健性。

4.8誘導情緒(Emotion Inducing)

內隱社會認知很大程度受到情緒的影響。研究表明,情緒狀態能夠調節個體內隱刻板印象的激活與表達,具體而言,消極情緒相比于積極情緒,能夠減少內隱刻板印象和態度的表達(Huntsingeretal.,2009)。然而,在特定情境下,例如個體持有反刻板印象思維或平等主義態度時,積極情緒也能夠有效減少負面內隱社會認知的激活(Huntsingeretal.,2010)。另有研究表明,情緒能力通過影響評價性條件反射,進而調節內隱態度的形成與變化(Hasfordetal.,2018)。但是,誘導諸如愧疚感或道德感的情緒難以有效降低個體的內隱種族偏見(Laietal.,2016;Laietal.,2014)。

情緒誘導干預具有相應神經基礎,例如,白人在看到黑人面孔時杏仁核激活更顯著(Liebermanetal.,2005)。基于此,研究者基于藥理學的神經干預探討了藥物干預治療對內隱偏見的作用。例如,通過藥物可以降低杏仁核對情緒刺激的反應強度(Hurlemannetal.,201O),據此,Terbeck發現使用普萘洛爾(Propranolol,一種非選擇性 β. -受體阻滯劑)這類藥物治療干預能夠顯著降低內隱種族偏見(相比于安慰劑組)(Terbecketal.,2012,2015)。

4.9 正念冥想(MindfulnessMeditation)

正念冥想是一種通過培養“正念\"狀態來增強個體對當下經驗的覺察與接受的冥想實踐。在這一過程中,個體將注意力集中于當前的體驗,并以非評判、開放且好奇的態度去觀察自身的感受、思維與情緒。這種冥想方式已廣泛應用于心理學多個領域,尤其在促進心理健康、減輕壓力及改善情緒調節等方面展現出顯著的效果(Nganamp;Cheng,2022)。研究發現正念冥想在改變內隱社會認知方面具有一定的作用,例如減少內隱刻板印象和群體偏見,提升個體的內隱自尊(Djikicetal.,2008;Kang etal.,2014;Narayan,2019)。正念冥想還可以減少自動化的偏見性思維,進而促進親社會行為。Lueke等發現簡短的正念冥想音頻干預能夠減少內隱種族和性別偏見(Hunsingeretal.,2019;Lueke amp; Gibson,2015)。

正念冥想的應用范圍廣泛,涉及教育、職場及臨床等情境。近期的研究表明,在處理涉及黑人學生的教育情境時,教師的正念水平調節了對學生的內隱偏見。正念水平較高的教師在對待黑人學生時表現出較少的種族偏見,而正念水平較低的教師在處理涉及黑人學生的問題時可能表現出更多的偏見(Ashet al.,2023;Hirshberg et al.,2022)。這一結果說明通過提升教師正念水平有助于減少偏見性決策,從而減少不公平教育。進一步研究發現,通過正念干預能夠提高教師的正念水平,顯著降低其對黑人學生的內隱偏見(Romano,2025)。然而,在職場情境中,通過正念冥想干預來減少內隱年齡偏見的效果并不顯著(Williamsamp;Polito,2022)。這表明單一的正念冥想訓練對減少內隱偏見的干預效果尚不穩定。

5小結與展望

內隱社會認知對個體的心理和行為,甚至宏觀社會都具有重要的影響(楊紫嫣等,2015;Greenwaldamp;Lai,2020)。內隱社會認知具有穩定性,也受到情境因素的影響,表現出一定的可變性(Kurdiamp;Charlesworth,2023;Rauf etal.,2022)。基于此,近年來研究者致力于探索干預內隱社會認知的方法,以期降低負面內隱社會認知(如內隱偏見、內隱刻板印象、低內隱自尊等)及其導致的消極個人和社會影響。本文對已有的內隱社會認知干預的研究進行了整合和分析,總結出了9種干預方法。根據方法的定義和原理,這些方法可以分為以下4種類別:(1)認知重構類:通過改變個體的認知或聯想模式來干預內隱社會認知,如評價性條件反射、接近-回避訓練、接觸反刻板印象案例、內隱偏見培訓、實施意圖;(2)社會互動類:通過與個體或群體進行互動來減少偏見,如群際接觸;(3)記憶強化類:通過記憶再激活或鞏固來干預內隱社會認知,如靶向記憶再激活;(4)情緒調節類:通過調節個體的情緒或心境狀態來干預內隱社會認知,如誘導情緒、正念冥想。

上述方法均表現出一定的有效性,但是其效果在不同的研究中,針對不同的干預內容存在較大的差異。本文對每種方法的效應量(基于Cohen'sd)進行了元分析(表1),結果表明:這9種干預方法具有小到中等程度的效應量(0.32~0.58),其中接近-回避訓練、內隱偏見培訓、誘導情緒干預較為有效,表現出中等程度的效應量。某些方法如實施意圖和靶向記憶再激活的研究數量較少,因此元分析結果的可靠性需要未來研究進一步檢驗。需要注意的是,本文重點分析了實證研究驗證有效的干預方法,未對某些單獨使用無效的干預方法如觀點采擇、同理心訓練等進行介紹(Calanchinietal.,2021;Skorinkoetal.,2023)。研究表明,采用多種方法結合干預可以有效地提高干預效果。例如,Gabrielli等通過結合群際接觸策略以及同理心訓練、觀點采擇,結果發現,接受多策略干預的兒童對移民的內隱偏見顯著減少(Gabriellietal.,2022)。此外,正念冥想結合人際關系促進的方法能夠有效減少預備教師的內隱種族偏見,且在6個月的隨訪中效果仍舊存在(Hirshbergetal.,2022)。

盡管上述干預方法在短期內都取得了一定成效,但很多方法的時效性通常限于短期,尚未表現出顯著的長期效應,例如接近-回避訓練、群際接觸等,甚至有的方法在一定情境下表現出反作用,例如內隱偏見培訓和消極群際接觸(Williamsonamp;Foley,2018)。由此可見,干預效果的時效性成為現有干預方法的重要問題,主要原因可以歸結為以下三點:第一,大多數干預方法往往依賴實驗室實驗,忽略了情境因素,限制了方法在現實世界中的推廣性;第二,現有干預措施通常過于單一,干預次數較少,未能形成持續強化的效應;第三,現有干預方法主要針對改變認知本身,而忽略了內隱社會認知形成過程中社會文化因素的影響。研究表明,具有強時效性的干預方法通常具有高度情境化的特點,且需要在特定的受眾群體中,通過長時、重復的或多方法結合才能達到最佳效果(Chapman et al.,2018;Devine et al.,2017;Stoneetal.,2020)。因此,未來的干預研究可以注重以下三個方向:一是開發更具針對性和情境性的干預策略,以確保其生態效度;二是采用多方法結合并進行重復強化干預,以提高長期效果;三是探討文化和社會背景對內隱社會認知的影響,明確干預方法的適用邊界,從而確保干預的適用性。

隨著人工智能技術的發展,內隱社會認知的干預方法可以從傳統的實驗室環境擴展到更生態的應用場景。例如,基于虛擬現實(VirtualReality,VR)、自然語言處理等的干預方法,可以推動未來內隱社會認知的干預。VR能夠模擬出逼真、沉浸的社會場景,通過VR個體可以體驗不同的社會角色和身份,感受多樣化的社會互動和文化差異(Mariniamp;Casile,2022;Patanéetal.,2020)。VR干預還可以通過個性化設計,根據個體的內隱偏見特征,針對性地設置情境,強化沉浸式干預效果(Shenetal.,2024)。這種高度沉浸、個性化的體驗可以有效干預內隱社會認知(Tassinarietal.,2022,2024)。VR技術在識別內隱偏見方面同樣有效,如Carson等人通過VR技術識別了公開報道中存在內隱群體偏見,未來可以據此進行針對性的整改以減少內隱偏見(Carsonamp;Politte,2021)。

詞嵌入(WordEmbeddings)作為自然語言處理中的關鍵技術,在揭示和干預內隱社會認知方面具有重要的應用價值。大規模語料訓練的詞向量可以反映社會中種族、性別等內隱態度和內隱刻板印象(包寒吳霜等,2023)。例如,基于詞嵌入的分析揭示了自然語言中內隱偏見的存在,研究顯示白人/黑人群體在語義空間中的位置分別與“優越\"或“劣等\"的屬性詞更接近(Leeetal.,2024)。未來的研究可以利用詞嵌人技術識別在線平臺中的偏見性傾向和表達,并通過適當的反饋機制對用戶進行引導,從而對內隱偏見進行干預。例如,Kroon通過詞嵌入識別出新聞媒體報道中的內隱偏見,強調媒體有責任減少無意識的偏見,以避免對特定族裔群體的不公平刻板印象(Kroonamp;vanderMeer,2023)。未來的研究可以進一步開發并推廣這些基于自然語言處理的工具,在大規模數據環境中自動識別內隱偏見,并結合大語言模型、情感計算、機器學習等多種人工智能技術,形成智能化、個性化的干預系統。例如,利用自然語言處理技術對個體的在線文本進行分析以識別文本中所蘊含的偏見、情感傾向等,結合機器學習算法來對個體的文本進行實時監測和動態分析從而識別個體在不同情境下的認知變化,及時發現潛在的社會認知問題(章彥博等,2025;Jietal.,2020)。大語言模型可以根據識別到的信息生成個性化的干預內容,例如針對性的建議、說服性的信息或具體的行動方案等(Huangetal.,2024)。通過這些技術可以識別個體在不同情境中的內隱社會認知,自動生成合適的內隱訓練方案,并不斷優化干預策略,提供實時且動態的干預建議,以確保干預效果的持續性,從而實現人工智能技術實現對個體、群體行為的實時個性化干預。

此外,宏觀的教育和文化在減少負面內隱社會認知方面也發揮著重要作用。教育可以通過針對性課程設計和教學活動,培養個體的多元文化意識,從而減少內隱偏見和刻板印象;文化層面則可以促進跨文化交流和文化多樣性教育,增強個體對不同文化的理解和包容,進一步削弱負面內隱社會認知。這種融合技術、教育與文化干預的系統,不僅能夠為人們提供實時便捷的干預,還能在教育、醫療、企業培訓等實際場景中廣泛應用,從而在個體和社會層面實現對內隱社會認知的有效干預。

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Interventions for implicit social cognition

GUO Xiaoli, CHANG Junyao, SHA Maajie, YANG Ziyan

(StateKeyLaboratoryofCognitive ScienceandMental Health,InstituteofPsychology, ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijingloo1o1,China) (DepartmentofPsychologyUniversityofChineseAcademyofciences,BeijingOoo49,China)

Abstract: Implicit social cognition has attracted a large number of studies. Early research primarily focused onthe measurement and impact of implicit social cognition.Extensive studies have demonstrated that negative implicit social cognition,such as implicit bias,implicit stereotypes,and low implicit self-esteem, have various negative eects on individuals and society.In recent years,research has focused on in the interventions for implicit social cognition. Research has suggested nine effective intervention methods, including evaluative conditioning, approach-avoidance training, intergroup contact, exposureto counter-stereotypical exemplars, unconscious bias training,implementation intentions, targeted memory reactivation, emotion inducing, and mindfulness meditation. The current paper systematically reviews these intervention methods.The results indicate that these interventions have smallto medium effect sizes, and that most intervention are effective in the short term but not in long term.Future research could combine multiple methods to enhance the long term effects. In addition,future interventions on implicit social cognition can be more eficient and convenient with the application of artificial intelligence technology.

KeyWords:implicitsocial cognition,implicitassociation test,implicit bias,implicit stereotypes,psychological intervention

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