論定語從句教學

摘要：定語從句在職業中專英語課堂教學中至關重要，也是難點。本文將按照自己的課堂教學實際進行分類分析。

關鍵詞：定語從句；關系代詞；省略；先行詞；謂語動詞；關系副詞

定語從句是職業中專英語的重點，在教材中就語法練習而言它占有絕對的比重。但是，由于定語從句的結構和用法比較復雜，不僅初學者，即使是學了三五年英語的學生在使用時也容易犯一些錯誤。最常見的錯誤有以下七種：

一、 在定語從句中加了多余的賓語

1. 誤：some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.

正：some of the boys I invited didn’t come.

譯：我邀請的男孩中有幾個沒有來。

析：應刪去them， 因為從語的賓語是省略了的whom，who或that。

2. 誤：The book that you need it is in the library.

正：The book that you need is in the library.

譯：你需要的書在圖書館里。

析：英刪去it，因為從語的賓語是關系代詞that。

二、 把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復數弄錯

1. 誤：Anyone who break the law will be punished.

正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

譯：任何違犯法律的人將被處罰。

析：應改break為breaks，因為who指anyone，是單數。

2. 誤：Those who has finished my go home.

正：Those who have finished may go home.

譯：做完了的人現在可以回家。

析：應改has為have，因為who指those，是復數。

3. 誤：This is one the rooms that is free now.

正：This is one of the rooms that are free now.

譯：這是目前空著的房間之一。

析：應改第二個is為are，因為one前沒有the only之類的限定詞，定語從句在意義上修飾的是名詞復數the rooms，而不是單數one。

三、 誤省略了定語從句中作主語的關系代詞

1. 誤：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.

正：Children who/that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.

譯：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齒不好。

析：應加上關系代詞who或that，因為從句少主語，且主語不能省略。

2. 誤：The key opens the bike is missing.

正：The key that /which opens the bike is missing.

譯：開這輛自行車的鑰匙不見了。

析：應加上關系代詞that或which，因為從句少主語，且主語不能省略。

四、 定語從句中加了多余的副詞或介詞

1. 誤：The house where he lives in needs repairing.

正：The house where he lives needs repairing.

或：The house he lives in needs repairing.

譯：他住的房子需要修理。

析：應保留where，刪去從句中的in，因為關系副詞where在從句中作地點狀語，in屬多余。或刪去關系副詞where，因為where在這里的意思是in which，否則介詞in就重復了。

2. 誤：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing.

正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.

譯：我仍記得我第一次來到北京那天的情景。

析：應刪去on，因為when在這里的意思是on which，否則介詞on就重復了，或把when改為which。

五、 在作先行詞的時間名詞或地點名詞后錯用了關系代詞或關系副詞

1. 誤：I still remember the day when we spent together.

正：I still remember the day than/which we spent together.

譯：我仍記得我們在一起度過的日子。

析：應改when為that或which，因為從句中謂語動詞spent是及物動詞，其后應跟賓語而不時時間狀語。

2. 誤：This is the house where we lived in last year.

正：This is the house which/that we lived in last year.

譯：這是我們去年住過的那個房子。

析：應改where為which或that，因為從句謂語動詞lived后有介詞in，其后少介詞賓語，而不是地點狀語。

六、 在先行詞reason后錯用關系副詞why

1. 誤：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence?

正：Have you asked her for the reason that/which may explain her absence?

譯：你是否問過她可以解釋她缺席的原因？

析：應改why為that或which，因為定語從句缺少主語，而不是少原因狀語。

2. 誤：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late.

正：I don’t believe the reason that/which he has given for his being late.

析：應改why為that或which，因為從句謂語動詞has given后缺少賓語，而不是少原因狀語。

七、 誤將強調句型當定語從句

強調句型為：It is+ 被強調部分+that+其他如：

1. 誤：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.

正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.

譯：大火發生在廚房。

析：應將where改that，因為原句還原為The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在語法和句意上均成立，故此題是強調句型，而非定語從句。

2. 誤：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？

正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？

譯：你是否因昨晚下雪而沒有來？

析：應將when改為that，因為，原句還原為Because it snowed last night，you didn’t come后，在語法和句意上均成立，故此題是強調句型而非定語從句。

如果學生了解了以上七種易犯的錯誤，在遇到定語從句時，就能更好地理解它運用它。