摘要:定語從句在職業中專英語課堂教學中至關重要,也是難點。本文將按照自己的課堂教學實際進行分類分析。
關鍵詞:定語從句;關系代詞;省略;先行詞;謂語動詞;關系副詞
定語從句是職業中專英語的重點,在教材中就語法練習而言它占有絕對的比重。但是,由于定語從句的結構和用法比較復雜,不僅初學者,即使是學了三五年英語的學生在使用時也容易犯一些錯誤。最常見的錯誤有以下七種:
一、 在定語從句中加了多余的賓語
1. 誤:some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.
正:some of the boys I invited didn’t come.
譯:我邀請的男孩中有幾個沒有來。
析:應刪去them, 因為從語的賓語是省略了的whom,who或that。
2. 誤:The book that you need it is in the library.
正:The book that you need is in the library.
譯:你需要的書在圖書館里。
析:英刪去it,因為從語的賓語是關系代詞that。
二、 把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復數弄錯
1. 誤:Anyone who break the law will be punished.
正:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
譯:任何違犯法律的人將被處罰。
析:應改break為breaks,因為who指anyone,是單數。
2. 誤:Those who has finished my go home.
正:Those who have finished may go home.
譯:做完了的人現在可以回家。
析:應改has為have,因為who指those,是復數。
3. 誤:This is one the rooms that is free now.
正:This is one of the rooms that are free now.
譯:這是目前空著的房間之一。
析:應改第二個is為are,因為one前沒有the only之類的限定詞,定語從句在意義上修飾的是名詞復數the rooms,而不是單數one。
三、 誤省略了定語從句中作主語的關系代詞
1. 誤:Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
正:Children who/that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
譯:吃糖多的孩子往往牙齒不好。
析:應加上關系代詞who或that,因為從句少主語,且主語不能省略。
2. 誤:The key opens the bike is missing.
正:The key that /which opens the bike is missing.
譯:開這輛自行車的鑰匙不見了。
析:應加上關系代詞that或which,因為從句少主語,且主語不能省略。
四、 定語從句中加了多余的副詞或介詞
1. 誤:The house where he lives in needs repairing.
正:The house where he lives needs repairing.
或:The house he lives in needs repairing.
譯:他住的房子需要修理。
析:應保留where,刪去從句中的in,因為關系副詞where在從句中作地點狀語,in屬多余。或刪去關系副詞where,因為where在這里的意思是in which,否則介詞in就重復了。
2. 誤:I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing.
正:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
或:I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
譯:我仍記得我第一次來到北京那天的情景。
析:應刪去on,因為when在這里的意思是on which,否則介詞on就重復了,或把when改為which。
五、 在作先行詞的時間名詞或地點名詞后錯用了關系代詞或關系副詞
1. 誤:I still remember the day when we spent together.
正:I still remember the day than/which we spent together.
譯:我仍記得我們在一起度過的日子。
析:應改when為that或which,因為從句中謂語動詞spent是及物動詞,其后應跟賓語而不時時間狀語。
2. 誤:This is the house where we lived in last year.
正:This is the house which/that we lived in last year.
譯:這是我們去年住過的那個房子。
析:應改where為which或that,因為從句謂語動詞lived后有介詞in,其后少介詞賓語,而不是地點狀語。
六、 在先行詞reason后錯用關系副詞why
1. 誤:Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence?
正:Have you asked her for the reason that/which may explain her absence?
譯:你是否問過她可以解釋她缺席的原因?
析:應改why為that或which,因為定語從句缺少主語,而不是少原因狀語。
2. 誤:I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late.
正:I don’t believe the reason that/which he has given for his being late.
析:應改why為that或which,因為從句謂語動詞has given后缺少賓語,而不是少原因狀語。
七、 誤將強調句型當定語從句
強調句型為:It is+ 被強調部分+that+其他如:
1. 誤:It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.
正:It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.
譯:大火發生在廚房。
析:應將where改that,因為原句還原為The fire broke out in the kitchen后,在語法和句意上均成立,故此題是強調句型,而非定語從句。
2. 誤:Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come?
正:Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come?
譯:你是否因昨晚下雪而沒有來?
析:應將when改為that,因為,原句還原為Because it snowed last night,you didn’t come后,在語法和句意上均成立,故此題是強調句型而非定語從句。
如果學生了解了以上七種易犯的錯誤,在遇到定語從句時,就能更好地理解它運用它。