高考英語考綱列出了考查單詞和一定數量的習慣用法和固定搭配,而且規定生詞量不超過3%,沒有漢語注釋的生詞的增加是近幾年高考的一個明顯的特點,因此,根據上下文猜測詞義可以在很大程度上考察出考生的邏輯推斷能力。
推測詞義不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文,而且要有較大的閱讀量,掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學會順藤摸瓜,通過構詞定義對比因果聯想上下文等線索確定詞義。
閱讀中的生詞大致可分兩類:一類是基本上不影響對文章理解的生詞;另一類是對文章理解直接相關的生詞。對于第一類生詞,既使我們不知它的確切含義,仍可較為準確地理解原文,因此完全可以跳過去不予理會。閱讀時,應切記的一點是:不要試圖弄清文章中每一個詞的確切含義,否則既影響速度,又影響理解。至于與文章理
解直接相關的生詞,我們可以采用以下方法推測詞義。
一、利用上下文來猜測詞義,例如:
在有生詞的文章中,有時可以根據上下文中某些關鍵單詞或者短語,推斷生詞的含義。
To determine the consequence of sleep deficit,researchers have put subjects throught a set of psychological and performances tests requiring them,for instance,to add columns of numbers or recall a passageread to them only minutes earlier.“We found that if you are in sleep deficit,performance suffers.”says Dr. David.“short-term memory is weakened,as are ablitities to make decisions and to concentrate.”
Q:The word “subjects”in line 1 refers to ________.
A.the performance tests used in the study of sleepdeficit.
B.special branches of knowledge that are being studied.
C.people whose behavior or reactions are being studied.
D.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit.
本題中的subject是一個多義詞,表示“題目,科目”等含義。但是這些用在這里都不合適。要確定含義關鍵要準確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和關系。這句話前一部分說,要確定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人員讓subject通過一系列的能力和心理測驗,要求將幾欄數字加起來或回憶幾分鐘前所聽到過的文章。所以,這里subject應指人,是“正在被研究的對象”。
二、通過原文中提供的例子來理解詞義
例如:suffxes:such as__ing、 __ed、 __s、__ful and __less,may cause spelling changes when added to words.
句中給出了“suffixes ”的幾個例子:__ing、 __ed、 __s、__ful,這些都有是常見的單詞后綴。通過這些例子,我們便可知道“suffixes”的意思是“后綴”。
三、運用對比法猜測詞義
對比法常用的詞或詞組有:but,while,however,yet,otherwise,although,on the other hand,on the contrary,instead of 通過尋找文中相互對比,相互對照的線索來確定單詞意義。如:
Many years ago,when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver,I was driving to my parent’s home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles from Oklahoma City,where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register,I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas.
I took off,but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behind me. It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station.
Q:The words took off in the 4th line mean ________.
A.turned off B.moved off C.put off D.set up
通過句子but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car.I stopped 可知 but 后面所發生的事情是一個意外,而又停了下來說明詞組意味著“發動,啟動”,因此答案選D項。
2)Jack was thin while his wife was reallyobese.句中的“obese”通過while 與 thin對比得出意思為“胖”。
四、通過定義或同位語來理解詞義
如:Most people want to know how things are made.They honestly admit,however,that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made.Where a composer begins,how he manages to keep going——in fact,how and when he learns his trade——all are covered in complete darkness.
Q:The words “covered in complete darkness”in line 2 most probably mean ?搖?搖?搖?搖?搖.
A.difficult to be made B.without any light
C.black in colorD.not known
根據劃線部分后面的句子“The composer,in short,is a man of mystery.”可知有關作曲家的事是大多數人所不知道的,很神秘,所以選擇D項。
(2)Acrophobia,or fear of height,can make lifedifficult for tight rope walker who suffer from it.
這個句子中“fear of height”是對“acrophobia”的解釋是“恐高癥”之意。
五、根據構詞法猜測詞義
有時,我們在閱讀中會遇到一些似曾相識的詞。這些詞大多是由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的。遇到這類詞不必去查字典,我們可利用構詞法知識推測其詞義,掌握了這一技巧,就會在很大程度上減少生詞的數量。
英語可以通過三種形式構成新詞,即轉換、派生、合成。
1.轉換:一個單詞或詞組由某一種詞類轉化為另一種詞類,叫轉換。轉換后的詞義與轉換前有密切的關系,例如:
1)The sick and wounded were to be taken good care of by the nurses.
2) These clothes are intended for the old .
以上兩個句子中的劃線部分是由形容詞加定冠詞轉化而來的名詞,表示一類的概念,指具有某種特點的一類人,不是指個別人。(1)句中的“the sick and wounded ”意為“傷病員”(2)句中的“the old ”意為“老年人”。
2.派生:在一個單詞前或后加上一個詞綴,變成一個新詞,這種方法叫派生。詞綴有前綴、后綴兩種,通過加前后綴派生的新詞,在意思上與原來的詞相關。但前綴改變詞義,例如:happy(高興的)—unhappy(不高興的)、like(喜歡的)—unlike(不喜歡的)、regular(規則的)—irregular(無規則的)。后綴改變詞類,例如:kind(adj和藹的)—kindness(n和藹)、help(n)—helpful(adj),由名詞轉化為形容詞或由形容詞轉化為名詞。由此可見懂得前后綴的基本作用和意義,便于我們閱讀的進行。中學英語常見的前綴和后綴有:
super-(超),inter-(在……之間),-able(能力),mini(極少的),micro-(極微小的),re-(再,反復),sub-(分支的,底下),co-(共同),post-(后),pre-(前),trans-(超越,轉換),under-(之下,低于),-hood(狀態,性質,時期),-ish(有些),-proof(防……,),-scope(景),-ship(身份,資格,權利,性質),-some(容易……),-wards(向),mis-(誤,惡),un-(不),in-(不),im-(不),dis-(不),non-(不),-less(不),anti-(反,防),sino-(中國)。
如:We must safeguard the world peace. sageguard意思是“捍衛”。
3.合成:將兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個新詞,這種構詞法叫做合成。合成的詞義也很容易從每個詞原來的詞義中推測出來。
例如:You can buy such things as toilet soap,toothbrushes and toothpaste.
句中的“toothbrush and toothpaste ”是合成詞,分別由tooth(牙齒)+brush(刷子);tooth(牙齒)+paste(糊膏)構成;由此可猜出“toothbrush”為“牙刷”,“toothpaste”為“牙膏”之意。
六、通過標點猜測詞義
標點符號和排版格式在文章中起著非常重要的作用,有時還能給我們提供一些推測詞義的線索。如破折號起解釋說明和補充的作用,冒號有時用來列舉事物或詳細解釋,引號內的詞語可能有特殊意義,斜體可能代表書名或刊物的名稱等。
如:Through out the history of the arts,the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists.No matter what Objects they select,artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change ——to find poety where no one has ever or experienced it before.
Q:The word “objects” in the 2nd line means _________.
A.an object for artistic creation B. a collection of poems
C. an unusual qualityD. a natural scene
破折號前面的內容“No matter what Objects they select,artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change”可知藝術家力圖創造一種從來沒有人看到或者經歷過的意境。既然是沒有人看過或經歷過那么應該是不尋常的東西,所以應該選C項。
總之,猜詞義是提高英語閱讀能力的一個主要途徑,對多數人來說,它本身并不是一個目的。如果掌握了一定的猜詞技巧,那么閱讀能力也會有顯著的提高,特別是中學生的英語成績的提高更依賴于閱讀能力的提高。