摘 要: 本文以定語從句教學為例,介紹了“EPU”英語教學模式,即重視學生對教學內(nèi)容的感知過程,在具體情境中進行語言的反復操練,在真實語境中運用所學語言,實現(xiàn)真實的語言交際,收到了較好的效果。
關(guān)鍵詞: 語法教學 定語從句 “EPU”英語教學模式
語言系統(tǒng)是語音、詞匯和語法之和。也就是說,語言能力實際上就是語音能力、詞匯能力、語法能力及其他能力(如文化適應能力等)的綜合體。對于外語學習者來說,學習一定的語法知識是必要的,因為豐富的語法知識可以加速學習者理解語言材料的進程,并對語言輸出產(chǎn)生監(jiān)控和調(diào)節(jié)作用,為語言表達的準確性提供保證。而且,語言交際還要涉及交際者所處的社會交際情景,要確保語言交際既準確又恰當。因此,語法能力是交際能力的必要組成部分。作為教師,使學生掌握英語語法知識本身并不是英語語法教學的最終目標,掌握英語語法知識的最終價值取決于能否將語法知識轉(zhuǎn)化為在英語實踐活動中有效運用的能力。
一、EPU英語教學模式
EPU英語教學模式,即“體驗—實踐—運用”,也就是說EPU英語教學是在遵循外語學習的基本規(guī)律的基礎(chǔ)上強調(diào)“語言從感知體驗(Experience)到遷移實踐(Practise)再到真實運用(Use)”這一語言的基本過程。在英語教學的過程中,教師要重視學生對英語的教學內(nèi)容的感知過程,強化對英語學習內(nèi)容的體驗,強調(diào)對所輸入的語言信息的理解,在此基礎(chǔ)上,有目的地在具體情境中進行語言的反復練習,進而實現(xiàn)語言實踐。在理解內(nèi)化遷移實踐后,學生在各種不同的真實語境中運用所學的語言,實現(xiàn)真實的語言交際。
EPU英語教學模式下的語法教學實施流程:
EPU英語教學模式下側(cè)重語法的教學過程應該是旨在培養(yǎng)學生運用所學語法知識,在具體的語境中真實運用語言的能力。
二、教學探索
定語從句教學是初三英語語法教學中的重要內(nèi)容。對于初中生來說,這一語法現(xiàn)象比較復雜,不容易理解。若按照傳統(tǒng)的語法教學模式,對抽象的語法概念進行講解,教學效果肯定不佳,因此,筆者現(xiàn)以外研版初三(上)第七模塊第一單元的定語從句教學為例,具體實踐如何使用“EPU”英語教學模式進行定語從句教學。
1.Experience感知體驗
Step 1(操作方式)
A)進行猜謎活動,老師用英語描述某些澳大利亞典型動物的特征,請學生猜測描述的是哪種動物,引導學生在短時間內(nèi)投入到課堂教學活動中。迅速進入思維活躍狀態(tài),并且在描述的過程中有意識地使用定語從句。引導學生對本課的語法——定語從句進行感知,同時引發(fā)學生對澳大利亞的了解興趣。
T:What do you call that famous Australian animal?The one that moves by jumping.
S:It’s a kangaroo.
T:This is a lovely animal that lives in trees and eats leaves. It has thick grey fur ,large ears and no tail .
S:It’s a koala.
T:This is a large animal that has a long tail,hard skin and very big jaws.This is an animal that many people are afraid of.
S:It’s a crocodile.
……
B)通過PPT給學生展示幾張老師在澳大利亞時拍攝的照片。用含有定語從句的句子對照片進行描述,把含有定語從句的句子板書寫到黑板上。并領(lǐng)讀幾遍,目的使學生掌握斷句的方法。
T:These are photos that I took in Australia.
This is the room that I live in,it’s not big,but it’s clean and tidy.
It’s the food that I eat every day.
It’s a lovely koala. Koala is the animal that I like best.
I’m standing in front of The Sydney Opera House .It is the symbol of Australia.It is a building that is like a sailing boat.
……
Do you want to know something more about Australia?
Let’s learn M7 Unit 1 I’m looking for the photos that you took in Australia.
Step 2(操作方式)
在學生對本單元的詞匯與語法有了初步的感知后,聽錄音,回答問題。
(1)What’s the largest English-speaking country in the southern part of the world?
(2)What famous things can you see there?
(3)What animals can you see there?
Step 3(操作方式)
聽讀訓練,在課文對話活動中進一步理解定語從句。
(1)listen and answer the questions,聽對話,回答問題,獲取主要信息并體會問題的特點。
1)T:What is Tony looking for?
S:He’s looking for the photos that his father took in Australia.
2)T:What’s Tony’s project about?
S:Tony’s project is about the countries that they want to visit.
3)T:Which photo does Tony like?
S:He likes the photo that shows the shark on the Great Barrier Reef.
(2)read in groups
在這個活動中,每個學生都有了參與的機會,并能夠相互幫助、相互合作。既培養(yǎng)學生參與和合作習慣,又使得學生的學習熱情高漲。
2.Practise語言實踐
Step 4(操作方式)
根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容對學生進行文章填空練習,加強對所學對話的總體把握。
Tony is looking for the photos that his father took in Australia because his homework is to do a project about countries that they want to visit.He’s going to write about Australia.Uluru is a huge rock in the centre of Australia,the Sydney Opera House is like a huge sailing boat with water on three sides.Tony likes the photo that shows the shark on the Great Barrier Reef. There were kangaroos that were jumping alongside the car on the way back from Uluru.Finally,Tony wants to borrow his father’s camera because there’s a photo competition that he wants to win.His father tells him that only once he’s done his project on Australia,he can borrow it.
Step 5(操作方式)
用PPT文件對本課出現(xiàn)的定語從句進行匯總呈現(xiàn)。給學生時間背誦,讓學生以競賽的形式比一比誰在有限的時間內(nèi)記得多。
(1)I’m looking for the photos that you took in Australia.
(2)We’re doing a project about countries that we want to visit.
(3)This one is a photo of a shark that I saw on the Great Barrier Reef.
(4)There were kangaroos that were jumping alongside the car on our way back from Uluru.
(5)There’s a photo competition that I want to win.
對定語從句進行小結(jié):
定語從句是從句作定語成分,以上句中劃線部分為定語從句,分別用來說明前面的photos,countries,shark,kangaroos和competition,我們稱photos,countries,shark,kangaroos和competition,為先行詞,that為引導詞,在從句中分別用于代替photos,countries,shark,kangaroos和competition,定語從句一般要放于先行詞之后。因此,定語從句在句中的位置隨其先行詞位置的變化而變化。that引導的定語從句可以修飾無生命的東西,也可以修飾有生命的動物或人。
Step 6(操作方式)
進行猜謎游戲,請學生用含有定語從句的句子描繪自己的好朋友,最喜歡的老師、明星、運動、數(shù)字、音樂、歌曲等,讓大家猜測,達到語言實踐的目的。如:
S1:My good friend is in our class .He is a boy that likes playing football . Can you guess who he is?
S2:There are many boys that like playing football in our class. Which one?
S1:The one that runs fastest.
S3:Is he...?
S1:Yes,you are right.
S3:My favourite movie star is a woman that is famous all over the world. Can you guess who she is?
S4:Is she...?
S3:No,the one that plays in the film called the House of the Flying Daggers.
S5:Is she Zhang Ziyi?
S3:Yes,that’s right.
……
Step 7(操作方式)
調(diào)查“ 你喜歡哪一個英語語言國家?”(用定語從句進行交際) 學生進行小組討論,用“1.What English- speakingcountry do you like ? 2.Introduce it to us ?”教師從以下幾個方面提示:location,climate,people,food and drink,some places of interest,animals,lifestyle。與同伴交流感受,最后向全班同學作簡單的匯報。
如:America is the country that I like to visit...
3.Use 真實運用
Step 8
教師自編了一段用含有定語從句表達的關(guān)于澳大利亞的話,之前寫在紙條上,以獎勵的形式分發(fā)給五名學生,在結(jié)課之前由這五名學生讀出來,同時呈現(xiàn)在大屏幕上,使學生通過熟悉的語言知識內(nèi)容,體會到了語言的生活實踐性,進而完成本課的情感態(tài)度目標。
In the southern part of the world,
There is a country that I like best,
It’s the largest English-speaking country there,
Kangaroos are the animals that move by jumping,
The Sydney Opera House is a building that is like a huge sailing boat,
There is a huge fantastic rock that is called Uluru,
Do you want to go there?
I bet you do. I bet you do.
Let’s learn English happily.
Step 9在Step 7的基礎(chǔ)上,以“我最喜歡的英語語言國家”為題,寫一篇短文,盡量多的使用所學的定語從句,100詞左右。
胡春洞認為:“學生在語法學習和使用中最感困難的是英語語法頭緒太多,顧此時彼……這種情況要求教學必須有一個核心,作為整個語法知識和技術(shù)發(fā)展的基點。而英語語法確實也有這樣一個核心和基點,這就是從語法上看的動詞形態(tài)變化和從句語法上看的主謂基本結(jié)構(gòu)。”(1990:65)在教學實踐中,教師應根據(jù)學生實際情況,深入分析教材,借鑒EPU教學方法,確定重點,并在重點內(nèi)容上多花時間和精力。精講多練,反復運用,直到學生能夠在語言交際活動中靈活運用為止。
參考文獻:
[1]魯子問,康淑敏.英語教學方法與策略.上海:華東師范大學出版社,2008.
[2]張文科,劉敬雯.大連市初中英語課堂教學的探索與實踐——EPU英語教學模式.大連:大連理工大學出版社,2008.
[3]胡春洞.英語教學法.北京:北京高等教育出版社, 1990.