摘 要: 在國外長輸管道施工中用到的程序文件和施工規范等都是英語版本,而管道施工中用到的一些詞匯往往與通用的英語詞匯意思差別很大,有些是專業術語、行話,確實很難理解,本文作者根據多次國外施工中的經驗,選出一些特色詞匯進行探討。
關鍵詞: 國外施工 長輸管道 專業英語詞匯
在國外長輸管道施工中由于經常和業主、監理等打交道,施工中用到的程序文件和施工規范等很多都是英語版本,業務交流、各種形式的會議等都會用到英語,而管道施工中用到的一些詞匯往往與通用的英語詞匯意思差別很大,有些是專業術語,有些是行話,確實很難理解,造成誤解和笑話,筆者根據多次國外施工中的經驗和平時的收集積累,選出一些特色詞匯進行探討。
為了便于理解,筆者主要按照管道施工程序展開本文探討部分常用的詞匯。pipe alignment(setting out)是“放線之意”,即確定沿線路方向的管道實地安裝的中心線位置,并劃定管道施工界限的過程。field hand over stake不可按字面翻成在田野里移交樹樁、應該是“現場交樁”之意,設計部門將所設計的管道控制樁、測量成果表及水準點資料在現場移交給施工單位。right-of-way意思是為管道施工臨時征用的帶狀土地,其基本意思是路權,因為只有在得到土地所有者的書面授權下才能在該路段施工。沒有接觸過管道施工的人可能會翻譯成“在路的右邊”,這就會鬧出笑話了。這是專業素質問題。
要施工首先要成立施工隊伍,那么“施工隊”英語就是:spread(The crew and equipment required to build a pipeline from an untouched right-of-way to the commissioning stage of the pipeline.),這個單詞的基本意思是張開、伸展、延長和加寬的意思。施工工作人員沿著作業帶分散開來將管子一根根焊接起來,用這個詞來表示施工隊就非常形象。clearing基本詞義是清理,施工中意思是“掃線”:Members of the clearing crew transform the right-of-way into a suitable work area by clearing away land for the proposed route is in an area with no vegetation or encompasses an already cleared right-of-way,or corridor.
grading基本詞義是等級,這里是“平整之意”:The purpose of grading is to provide a smooth and even work area and to facilitate the movement of equipment onto and along the right-of-way. High-or-low -ground areas may require cutting down or filling in to achieve a more uniform grade for the pipeline.string作名詞講是“線”,一串之意,作動詞講是串起、成串,引申為“布管”。一根根的管子沿著作業帶分布開來,就像一根根線再連接起來,甚為形象生動??梢远x為:把運到現場的管子,逐根地分布于管道沿線的組裝場地上的過程叫“布管”。line up是“對口”,按照規范要求,用專用器具將兩端管子的管口對好。cutback本意是減少、剪修新芽,這里意為“焊接預留區域”:On pipe that has been mill coated ,a cutback of 6 to 9 inches is usually left at the end of the joint so that the coating does not interfere with the welding process.firing line是軍事用語,火線和射擊線的意思,火線組(安裝石油運輸管線工地的流水作業線),舉例說明:In pipeline construction,the welding crew that takes over after the root pass and the hot pass have been made.The firing line is responsible for the filler pass and the cap bead,which complete the joint.
cap bead俗稱“蓋帽焊”,是管口焊接的最后一道工序,非常形象。tie-in是個合成詞,tie本意是系、捆的意思;in的意思表示位置,合起來就是“連頭”,碰死口的意思,就是把焊接完的不能移動的管段連接起來,進行對口和焊接。hot tie-in是“動火連頭”:A weld made on a pipeline already in service. In the hot tie-in procedure,the gas from the line is purposely ignited at the point where the welding is to be done.Igniting the gas eliminates the chance that a spark could cause an explosion of gas and air. golden tie-in可不是什么金線連接,而是機組與機組之間或者承包商與承包商之間的管段連接。cover depth是“埋深”,例如:The measurement from the top of a pipe to ground level along a right-of-way. egging(out of roundness)本意是雞蛋,名詞動用,意思是變成雞蛋形狀了,即“失圓”了,管線焊接完畢后,要進行回填,如果回填不按照施工規范,一次回填過多或者焊接操作不當,導致管道變形了、不圓了,用雞蛋這個詞來形象比喻非常生動。
backhoe loader是一種前面像鏟車一樣有鏟斗,后面有像挖溝機一樣的齒斗,一臺設備具有兩種設備的功能,正式名稱為“反鏟挖土機”,俗稱“兩頭忙”。back-actor可不是后背演員的意思,也是反鏟挖土機之意。bell hole是指焊接操作坑,因為工人操作空間狹小,俗稱雞窩。例如:A widened and sloped section of the ditch where welders will work when doing a tie in.coating是“涂料”,即“防腐層”,比作給管口穿衣服。例如:The paint,plastic or dope the bare steel of the pipe is covered with from the factory or that is applied on the“Coating”crew. An anti-corrosion material applied to the pipe,during construction.deadman tractor需譯為錨固拖拉機,千萬不可按字面譯為死人拖拉機,例句:A Deadman tractor used as an anchor for a pipe section(such as on lowering-in)or when winching equipment on steep slopes.
high boy是高板拖車的意思,而不是說高級(尚)男孩。例如:A conventional truck trailer with deck approximately 5 foot off the ground. low boy是指低底盤拖車,而不是地位卑下的男孩。例如:A low boy slung trailer used to haul heavy equipment.holiday本意假期,轉義是漏點的意思,指涂層上沒有涂到的空白處,包括裂縫、空心部分、夾有雜質部分和針孔等缺陷處。
holiday detector(also called jeep),不是什么假期檢查員,而是檢漏儀,檢查防腐層是否有缺陷。用電火花檢漏儀按規定的電壓值對金屬表面防腐層進行連續完整性檢測的過程,例如:An electrical device used to locate a weak place,or holiday,in coatings on pipelines and equipment.
nightcap本意睡帽之意,延伸為“臨時封堵之意”。例句:Nightcaps made out of material,plastic,wood etc to fit over and close off the end of the pipe to prevent entry of foreign material.“tow cat”不是什么拖拉貓,而是“拖管機械”,cat是caterpillar的縮寫,本意毛毛蟲,履帶式爬行設備,多涂以黃色外殼,行走起來就像毛毛蟲在爬行。例句:Tractor used to pull any equipment or vehicles stuck on the right of way.dead weight recorders意思是壓力天平,千萬不可譯成死人或死人重量記錄儀。elbow本意是手肘,引申為彎成一定角度的管道連接件,簡稱彎管,其彎曲部分長度等于彎曲半徑與彎曲角弧度數之積。管道焊接完畢后,由于管子里面會有泥沙等異物,需要從頭到尾將管子清理一遍或幾遍,我們會將一個球(清管器)放進去通過空氣壓縮機,使清管器在管道內運行,從而將異物清出管子,我們把這一過程叫通球。那么這個球(清管器)的英語是pig,而不是ball,這個單詞的基本意思是豬,那怎么會用這個詞?因為最早美國人建管線使用的清管器與管壁摩擦發出吱吱叫聲,很像豬發出的聲音,大家就管清管器叫“pig”。不是石油行業的人很容易誤解,記得有一次給外國公司的人講我們要用他們的水試壓,跟他們講,要把一個球“pig”放進管道里去,然后利用空氣壓縮機推動清管器開始清理管道內的雜物,聽講解的人突然打斷我的話,他說:“Excuse me,my friend,your company is very cruel,if you make use of the pigs enter the pipeline to clean the foreign matters,the oxygen is very lack of,the pigs will be dead,definitely not,you cannot save money like that. In that case,we cannot supply a drop of water to you.”經過筆者的解釋,大家都笑了。這里就多介紹幾個跟pig有關的詞匯,pig trap不是為了逮豬而設的陷阱,而是清管器接收器。pig train此處為成串的清管器,例如:The pipeline will be filled with water utilizing a 2 possibly 3-pig train with,typically,a 500 meter long slug of water between the 1st,2nd and 3rd pigs. section purging用氣體吹掃清除管段內的雜物。pipeline pigging是“通球掃線”,用具有一定壓力的水或空氣推動清管球以清除館內雜物。repair of coating defect是“補傷”,指對防腐或保溫層破損或漏涂處的修補作業。foreign matter不能翻譯成“外國的事情”,而是引申成“異物”。heat-shrinkable sleeve是“熱收縮套”,一種具有“記憶效應”的聚乙烯護套,內涂聚合物密封劑,加熱到一定溫度后均勻收縮,能牢固密封管道補口部位的管道補口材料。primer是“底漆”,為提高金屬與防腐層的粘結性能,涂在金屬表面上的基底涂料。sand blasting是“噴砂”,向金屬表面噴射細沙或類似尺寸的硬質材料顆粒(如浮石、碳化硅或氧化鋁等),利用高速沙流的沖擊作用清理和粗化金屬表面的過程。internal(line-up)clamp 內對口器,置于管子銜接處的內部并使管口保持固定位置和間隙的一種定位工具。open cut不是公開剪切,而是大開挖的意思。restoration是“地貌恢復”:The right-of-way will be restored to its original condition or better.使管道施工后破壞的地貌恢復到原始自然狀態。pipe section lowering in通過專用吊具、將組裝好的的管段放入管溝中。施工中肯定會臨時找些人來工作,journeyman字面意思是旅游的人,旅游就會到處轉,沒有固定的地方,引申為臨時工,倒是很有趣。
laying in one ditch是“同溝敷設”,兩條或兩條以上的管道,按設計要求敷設在同一條管溝的施工方法。Pipeline laying in embankment土堤敷設法,在管子上堆土,形成土堤,埋設管道的一種方法。primary backfill一次回填,為保證埋地管線不受損壞,管道下溝后首次用細軟土回填管溝的過程。secondary backfill二次回填,在第一次回填是細軟土上,再次將管溝回填到設計標高的過程。saddle weight壓重塊,按一定間距放置在水下管道上的用鑄鐵或混凝土制成的馬鞍形或其他形狀的壓塊。repair of coating defect指對防腐或保溫層損壞或漏涂處的修補作業。catholic protection利用外加電壓或與犧牲陽極相聯,使工件進行陰極化從而減低腐蝕速率的方法。hydrostatic testing是“水壓試驗”:The most common final quality control check of the structural soundness of a pipeline. In this test,the line is filled with water and then pressured to a designated point. This pressure is maintained for a specific period of time,and any ruptures or leaks revealed by the test are repaired. The test is repeated until no problems are noted.
雖然管線施工技術有了巨大變化,但它的施工程序,一些基本的成熟的施工方法也還是在一直沿用,因此掌握基本的技術詞匯,再結合生產實際,很快就會適應工作,特別是那些經常出國承擔管線施工的技術人員非常必要,在工作中你用的詞匯越專業,你的同行會越敬重你,對你的工作將會起到你想不到的幫助。
參考文獻:
[1]Pipeline Construction by Max Hosmanek edited by Cinda L.Cyrus Published by Petroleum Extension Service Division of Continuing Education The University of Texas at Austin,Texas ISBN 0 88698-096-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-60491.
[2]Piping Handbook by Mohinder L. Nayyar Seventh Edition.
[3]Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook (Quick and accurate solutions to your everyday pipeline problems) E.W.McAllister,Editor.Gulf Professional Publishing.