讀寫任務中的概要寫作三招

讀寫任務中的概要寫作部分既考查了考生快速閱讀，獲取信息的能力，也考查了考生對所獲取信息的加工與概括能力。概要既是對前半部讀的總結，又是對后半部寫作話題的引入，其作用不可小覷。因此，高考英語寫作備考過程中，“概要寫作”要尤其加強，應作為其中重要的一環。現筆者結合自己的教學經驗，談談如何進行概要寫作。

一、掌握主要文體概要寫作的基本框架，使概要有款有型

概要寫作首先要掌握各種文體的寫作特點和框架。如:

記敘文:5個W (what/who/when/where/why/how)

議論文:opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)

說明文:①phenomenon / problem / + reason + solution (cause and effect) ②introduction of an object (how it is made， how it is used， how it may change， what makes it new or significant)

新聞:focus on the first paragraph and the first sentence and the last sentence of other paragraphs

如2009年高考的讀寫任務所給的文章是篇說明文。根據說明文的框架結構，考生很容易就在文章中找到文中需要概括的幾個要點:

現象:Koala生氣;原因:koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep; they can be hugged and photographed by tourists;結果:the government is now moving to make the practice illegal

考生根據上述要點就可以順利寫出概要了。

二、利用所給“內容要點”把握文章中心，使概要不偏不倚

我們可以巧妙利用題中所給的“內容要點”的提示作用，掌握大致的概要寫作方向，然后從文章中搜尋關鍵詞句認真理解推敲，最后下筆成文，概括文章大意。

如何利用題目所給“內容要點”把握文章中心，使概要不偏不倚呢?筆者從復習資料中選取兩篇具有一定代表性的文章來進行分析:

[例1]I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky， the song of the birds， moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound (被咒語鎮住的，著迷的). That’s changed since I was there.

... for example， one evening when it was so warm， I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light， I dared not open a window. Another time five months ago， I happened to be upstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark， rainy evening， the wind， the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face ...

... sadly， I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.

[寫作內容]

1. 以約30個詞概括上文的主要內容;

2. 以約120個詞談談你讀完上文后的感受，并包括如下要點:

(1)應當如何對待大自然和我們身邊的一切;

(2)舉例說明人往往在失去后才懂得珍惜。

這篇文章從結構上來看，很明顯就是一篇節選，考生第一次看了之后大多摸不著頭腦，有的根本不知道它在講什么。面對這樣一篇文章，我們首先要確定文章的體載:記敘文;再仔細閱讀題目所給的內容要點，可以領悟到該篇文章應該是講述作者與自然的關系，既然談到失去，必然有之前的獲得，肯定還有失去的原因。

接著我們可以根據這種領悟重新看一次文章，畫出與之相關的句子:I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky， the song of the birds， moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was there. ... sadly， I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. ... nature is one thing that really must be experienced. (劃線部分與方框部分為重點詞句)這樣一來，記敘文的基本要素漸漸明了，寫這篇文章的概要也就不難了。

參考摘要:The writer didn’t value the time that he could spend with nature. Only after he was kept away from it did he realize the importance and the pleasure of experiencing nature on his own. (34個詞)

由此可見，利用題目所給的“內容要點”來幫助概括文章大意，不但能正確把握文章中心，而且有利于讀寫任務的寫作部分上下內容連貫，為概要與正文一體化做鋪墊。

三、注重概要寫作中語言句式的使用細節，使概要行文流暢

2010年廣州市普通高中畢業班綜合測試(以下簡稱“廣州一模”)之英語學科分析報告中指出，大部分考生在讀寫任務的概要部分語言使用不規范，出現個人觀點，如We should ... ， but we can’t ... / I think ... / It’s necessary for the parents to let their children be more independent.或強行加上作者觀點:The author thinks parents should not overparent the children.

筆者認為，考生犯此類錯誤其中一個原因就是沒有注重如何使用正確的語言表達概要。因此，在考生掌握概要的寫作框架，懂得如何把握文章中心之后，接下來就是要注意語言和句式的使用。

1. 語言的使用。

考生掌握文體寫作框架后，還必須知道用一定的語言或句式將框架具體化。

(1)說明文和記敘文可以歸納為:

由于什么原因或出于什么目的，何人何時何地做了何事，得到什么結果或引發了什么樣的討論、議論或思考(即:Because (of) / Due to / Thanks to / In order to ...sb. did sth. / sth happened. As a result，...)。

(2)議論文則可歸納為:

最近出現了或進行了一場關于什么的討論、議論或調查研究，什么人有什么樣的意見或研究結果表明了什么(即:Lately / Recently， a discussion was held /... made a survey on ... among ... . People had different opinions on it. / Opinions vary among different people / People agree to ... ， holding that ... / People who disagree /believe / think that ... )。

另外，概要中只要求寫出大意，不要求寫出細節，因此，我們除了要區分大意(general ideas)和細節(supporting details)外，還要注意使用恰當的語言來表述，避免被誤認為是細節。

[例2] Why do we read prose fiction? Prose fiction， whether in the form of the novel of the short story， is unarguably the most popular and widely recommend literary genre. Take a few moments to think about whey we read fiction? What do we hope to gain from reading stories about imagined events that happen to imaginary people?

For Carrie Tiffany， a one-time park ranger in outback Australia， reading was a way of traveling to distant places， where she didn’t have to think about her lonely existence living in the harsh desert landscape of Central Australia:

“I read so I didn’t have to think about where I was， or why I was there， or what I would do next. I read to meet people， and to avoid meeting people.”

In Elliot Perlman’s Seven Types of Ambiguity， one of the characters， psychiatrist Alex Klima， says: “Not all novels are purely escapist， to be read for entertainment. Fiction， at least some fiction， can also confront us with truths we might otherwise never have encountered. It can provide us with insights we would never have gained elsewhere.”

Robert DiYanni， a literature professor， says about why we read:

We read stories for pleasure; they entertain us. And we read them for profit; they enlighten us. Stories draw us into their imaginative worlds and engage us with the power of their invention ... they enlarge our understanding of ourselves and deepen our appreciation of life.

不少考生在寫這篇文章概要時采用了以下的寫法:The passage deals with the question why people read prose fiction and different people have different opinions. Carrie Tiffany thinks... ， Alex Klima holds that ... while Rober Diyanni believes ... 劃線部分的寫法很容易被誤認為是細節，因此我們可以將它改寫成:some people think ... ， some hold that ... while others believe ...

另外，概要中不允許考生照抄原文的句子，因此需要指導考生利用句型轉化，同義詞轉化等手法將其改頭換面。

2. 句式的使用。

由于概要有字數的要求，只能用大約30個詞，同時，筆者認為概要相當于文眼，起著引入話題的作用，因此概要寫作不宜使用繁復的句子，建議多使用簡單句、并列句，準確使用介詞短語，適當使用復合句。尤其是概要的第一句，使用簡單句能清晰明了地突出文章主線。此外，我們還可以利用各種句式突出文章中心事件。如某篇讀寫任務文章的中心事件有兩個目的，我們在寫其概要時注意使用不同的句式、短語去表達:In order to buy an hour from his father， the boy asked his father for 10 yuan so that they could enjoy a meal together.

總之，我們在讀寫任務概要寫作中，如能以題中所給的閱讀文章為依據，以具體寫作內容要點為指引，使用正確恰當的語言表達并加以潤色，一定能寫出一篇完整優美的文章概要。

責任編校蔣小青