英語表達中的否定形式靈活多變,如果我們翻譯理解時只憑句子的表達形式而以漢語習慣類推,就會弄出許多笑話或與原文意思向背離,從而造成理解困難。凡是謂語被否定,即否定全句意思,這種否定稱為‘一般否定’(General Nega-tion),如果是針對謂語動詞以外的成分,如某個特定的詞,詞組或從旬,這種否定則被稱為特指否定(speeial Negation')。一般否定旬中,否定詞not要放在動詞或助動詞之后,如:We didn’ttell him t0 go.He isnot happy.但在特指否定句中,否定詞not要放在否定的成分之前,如:wetoldhim notto go.
1 一般否定轉化為特指否定
即:形式上是一般否定,意思上是特指否定。在英語的習慣用法中有不少這樣的表達,如;
(1)I don’tthinkyou are right.
(2)I don’t believe he will come.
(3)I don’t suppose that is true.
這些句子的否定詞都是否定賓語從句的,而不是否定主語與謂語動詞之間的關系,習慣上,我們把這類句子稱為否定后置句。
(4)He did not seem t0 follow me.
(5)He did not happen to be at home.
(6)The Chinese people did not shake offHitler's yoke in or-der t0 put 0n the Japanese invaders'.
例4、例5、例6都是否定不定式短語的而不是否定主語與謂語之間的關系,它們可改寫為;It seemedthathedidnotfol—lowme Ithappenedthat hewasnotathome,People shookoff Hitler's yoke not in order to put on the Japanese invaders'.(人們掙脫希特勒的枷鎖,不是為了套上日本侵略者的枷鎖)學生對這類句子的理解往往產生很大的困難,原因正是往往被形式所迷惑,犯了‘想當然’的錯誤,而沒有從實質上去看問題。
(7)He did not come to work by bus.not是用來否定介詞短語bybus的,可改為;Hecamefoworknotbybus(butonfoot/bybike%…)。
(8)He did not search the room carefully not是用來否定carefully”的,可改為:He searched the room carelessly,
2 特指否定轉化為一般否定
有些否定代詞和否定副詞在形式上多是隊句子中的主語賓語或狀語的否定,但實質上已轉化為對謂語的一般否定,如
2.1 對主語的否定
(1)No news came.=News did not come.
(2)No help was needed=Help was not needed.
2.2 對賓語的否定
(1)He gave n0 answer.=He did not answer.
(2)I could see nothing.=I could not see anything.
(3)I could remember neither his name nor his address=Icould not remember either his name or his address.
2.3 對狀語的特指否定
(1)They agreed with each other in no aspects.=They did notagree with each other in any aspects.
(2)The boy was nowhere t0 be found.=The boy was not tobe found anywhere.
注意:當主語是否定的不定代詞時如:nobody,none,noth-ing,no one時,不能作如此相應的變化。如:(1)Nobody(None/No one)will go there不能變為Anybody,(Anyone/Any one)will not go there,(2)Nothing is difficult in the world if you putyour heart into it,不能變為Anything is not difficult if you putyourheartinto it,但在“therebe”的句型中,可以作相應的變化,如:Therewas no oneto be seen,=Therewas not any one to be seen There was nothing in the room=There was not anything inthe room.
3 特指否定的表達形式要符合英語的習慣用法
漢譯英時,應注意特指否定的表達形式要符合英語的習慣用法,如:他來這里不是為了請求你幫助。應譯為:Hedidn’t come to ask for your help,而不是He came here to ask for your help.但在英譯漢時,He did not come to ask for your help.還可理解為“他沒有來這里求你幫助”。這樣就產生了歧義,關鍵在于確定否定詞not是用來否定目的狀語to ask for your help,還是用來否定整個句子,這應視上下文的內容而定,同時還要注意說話人的語氣、語調、重音,在不同的語境中我們要靈活運用不同的翻譯方法,使譯文既忠實于原文又易于理解。以上只是筆者在教學實踐中的一些總結。希望引起英語學習者的關注。
參考文獻
[l]孔惠怡.翻譯.文學.文化[M].北京:北京大學出版社,1999.
[2]孫迎春.英漢雙向翻譯學林[M].濟南:山東大學出版杜.2002.
[3]章振邦.英語語法教程,1984.