摘 要:《紅樓夢(mèng)》中存在受話人“你”不易確定的現(xiàn)象。不同英譯本對(duì)人稱代詞“你”和“他”的所指對(duì)象理解不一。本文就這兩個(gè)人稱代詞指稱模糊的原因及不同譯文的得失進(jìn)行了探討。
關(guān)鍵詞:指稱模糊 你 他
一、引言
藍(lán)純討論了《紅樓夢(mèng)》中一些人稱代詞的用法,她以王熙鳳的一段話為例,指出小說中存在受話人“你”不易確定的情形。
這熙鳳攜著黛玉的手,上下細(xì)細(xì)打量了一回,仍送至賈母身邊坐下,因笑道:“天下真有這樣標(biāo)致的人物,我今兒才算見了!況且這通身的氣派,竟不象老祖宗的外孫女兒,竟是個(gè)嫡親的孫女,怨不得老祖宗天天口頭心頭一時(shí)不忘。只可憐我這妹妹這樣命苦,怎么姑媽偏就去世了!”說著,便用帕拭淚。①
藍(lán)純認(rèn)為此處王熙鳳的說話對(duì)象不易確定,是黛玉,是賈母,還是在場(chǎng)的所有人?指出判斷誰是王熙鳳心目中的“你”很重要,對(duì)譯者來說尤其如此,它將決定譯者如何處理話語(yǔ)中的“老祖宗”和“我這妹妹”,將誰譯為 “you”。
從楊憲益夫婦、霍克思與喬利這三個(gè)英譯本來看,譯者的確看法不一。楊憲益夫婦將鳳姐的說話對(duì)象譯為黛玉,霍克思及喬利則譯為賈母。三個(gè)譯本出現(xiàn)歧譯,主要在于原文中沒有“你”這個(gè)標(biāo)示受話人的人稱代詞,因而譯者有仁智之見。但《紅樓夢(mèng)》中一些人稱代詞的所指代復(fù)雜性不止于此,即便原文有“你”,譯者還是會(huì)對(duì)“你”的所指對(duì)象理解不一。這一情形也出現(xiàn)在第三人稱“他”上。所指對(duì)象不確定即意味著指稱模糊,本文就這兩個(gè)人稱代詞指稱模糊的原因及三家譯文的得失作些探討。
二、第二人稱“你”的指稱模糊
第二人稱“你”指談話中的受話人,通常較易確定,但語(yǔ)境中相關(guān)信息不充分時(shí),情況就會(huì)有所不同。以下三個(gè)例子便說明了這點(diǎn)。
(1)寶黛鬧別扭,黛玉一人去賈母處吃飯。寶玉、寶釵飯后去看她,寶玉向?qū)氣O道:“老太太要抹骨牌,正沒人,你抹骨牌去罷。”寶釵聽說,便笑道:“我是為抹骨牌才來么?”說著便走了。黛玉道:“你倒是去罷,這里有老虎,看吃了你!”說著又裁。寶玉見他不理,只得還陪笑說道:“你也去逛逛,再裁不遲。”黛玉總不理。(第二十八回)
【霍譯】but she went, notwithstanding.
“Why don’t you go?”said Dai-yu.“There's a tiger in this room.You might get eaten.”
She said this still bending over her cutting, which she continued to work away at without looking up at him.(vol.2, P51)
【楊譯】As she went out Daiyu called after her, “You had better leave.There's a tiger here who might eat you.”
She went on with her cutting and ignored Pao-yu,…(vol.1, P409)
【喬譯】With this remark, she nevertheless at once quitted the room.
“It would be well for you to go,”urged Lin Daiyu,“for there’s a tiger in here; and,look out,he might eat you up.”
As she spoke,she went on with her cutting(P457)
限于篇幅,本文只引用劃線部分的譯文。霍譯中黛玉的說話對(duì)象為寶玉,而楊、喬都將受話人“你”譯為寶釵。從上下文看,后者更恰當(dāng)。上文寫到黛玉在屋里裁剪,寶玉進(jìn)來同她搭話,“黛玉并不理”。引文中又有“寶玉見他不理”,“黛玉總不理”等語(yǔ),可見黛玉并沒有搭理寶玉,自然不會(huì)主動(dòng)與他說話。“老虎”云云是黛玉譏刺寶玉,正如同回黛玉以“呆雁”打趣他。
有研究者認(rèn)為黛玉說的是句氣話,而霍譯表達(dá)的卻是“屋內(nèi)有個(gè)老虎”這一事實(shí),因此宜改譯為:“You'd better go now, otherwise you may see a tiger in me.”(黨爭(zhēng)勝,2009)。霍譯與喬譯,自然是一種比喻,并非表達(dá)“屋內(nèi)有個(gè)老虎”這一事實(shí)。很明顯,改譯者也將受話人看作寶玉,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)霍克思的失誤。
(2)賈母八十大壽,尤氏過來幫忙,其丫環(huán)與榮府的婆子發(fā)生口角,隨后到怡紅院向尤氏告狀,兩個(gè)姑子笑推這丫頭道:“你這姑娘好氣性大!那糊涂老媽媽們的話,你也不該來回才是。咱們奶奶萬金之體,勞乏了幾日,黃湯辣水沒吃,咱們只有哄他歡喜的,說這些話做什么?”襲人也忙笑拉他出去,說:“好妹子!你且出去歇歇,我打發(fā)人叫他們?nèi)ァ!庇仁系溃骸澳悴挥媒腥耍闳ゾ徒羞@兩個(gè)老婆來,到那邊把他們家的鳳姐叫來。”襲人笑道:“我請(qǐng)去。”尤氏笑道:“偏不用你。”(第七十一回)
【楊譯】Xiren drew the maid aside.
“Good sister, just go out and have a rest,” she coaxed.“I'll get someone to fetch them.”
“No need,” said Madam Yu.“Just send for those two women, then fetch Xifeng here.”(vol.2,P526)
【霍譯】Aroma took the girl by the hand.
“Go off and calm down a bit, there's a good girl! I'll get someone to fetch one of the stewardesses.”
“It isn't necessary,” said You-shi.She addressed herself to the maid.“Go and fetch those two women, and when you’ve done that, you can find out where Mrs Lian is and tell her I want to see her.”(vol.3,P402)
楊譯中尤氏的說話對(duì)象為襲人,而霍克思則將尤氏后兩句話的受話人譯為她的丫環(huán),這樣尤氏話中第二個(gè)“你”指其丫環(huán)而非襲人。從句中“他們家的鳳兒”及后文尤氏不要襲人去請(qǐng)等話判斷,霍譯似更妥當(dāng)。尤氏不讓襲人叫人而打發(fā)自己的丫環(huán)去,“你去”前宜用句號(hào),后宜加逗號(hào),尤氏說話時(shí)此兩處有一長(zhǎng)一短的停頓。可以想象,尤氏改變說話對(duì)象時(shí)還會(huì)將頭或目光轉(zhuǎn)向她的丫環(huán),還可能伴有手勢(shì)。曹雪芹為使人物話語(yǔ)緊湊,沒有插入這些副語(yǔ)言手段的描寫,因此受話人雖已改變,而話語(yǔ)并沒有結(jié)束,原文也由此較為費(fèi)解。霍克思為便于理解,增添了副語(yǔ)言動(dòng)作“She addressed herself to the maid(“她轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)丫環(huán)說”)”(胡欣裕,2008)。
例(3)與上面兩例稍有不同,譯者對(duì)“你”的不同理解與譯文底本有關(guān)。
(3)鳳姐撞見賈璉、平兒隔著窗戶說話,便挖苦兩人,平兒很是氣憤。
平兒道:“別叫我說出好話來了。”說著,也不打簾子讓鳳姐,自己先摔簾子進(jìn)來,往那邊去了。鳳姐自掀簾子進(jìn)來,說道:“平兒瘋魔了。這蹄子認(rèn)真要降伏我,仔細(xì)你的皮要緊。”賈璉聽了,已絕倒在炕上,……(第二十一回)
【霍譯】And instead of standing aside and raising the door-blind for her mistress, she entered ahead of her, dropped it rudely in her face, and marched angrily through the sitting-room to one of the rooms at the back.
“What's the matter with Patience? The girl's gone mad!”said Xi-feng when she raised the blind again and let herself in.“I really do believe she is trying to displace me.You’d better look out, my friend: I’ll have the hide off you!”(vol.1, P430)
【楊譯】Instead of raising the door curtain for her mistress Pinger swept in ahead of her, swishing the curtain behind her, and passed through the hall into the other room.
Xifeng raised the curtain herself and walked in remarking,“The girl must be out of her mind, trying to get the upper hand of me.You'd better watch out, little bitch!”(vol.1,P309)
【喬譯】She did not even raise the portiere(for lady Feng to enter), but straightway betook herself to the opposite side.
Lady Feng lifted the portiere with her own hands,and walked into the room.“That girl Ping'er,”she exclaimed,“has gone mad, and if this hussey does in real earnest wish to try and get the upper hand of me, it would be well for you to mind your skin.”(P345~346)
此段原文引自新校本(中國(guó)藝術(shù)研究院紅樓夢(mèng)研究所以庚辰本為底本的校注本,人民文學(xué)出版社,1982年版),舊通行本(人民文學(xué)出版社以程乙本為底本的校注本,1964年版)有異文。“也不打簾子讓鳳姐,自己先摔簾子進(jìn)來,往那邊去了”,舊通行本作“也不打簾子,賭氣往那邊去了”。對(duì)照譯文,楊、霍所據(jù)原文與新校本類似,喬譯則接近舊通行本。如按舊通行本,平兒已走開,“你”指賈璉,喬譯無誤。如按新校本,平兒也進(jìn)了屋,“你”的所指對(duì)象就有兩種可能:楊、霍都將其譯為平兒,而新校本中鳳姐后兩句話中間用逗號(hào),停頓時(shí)間較短,鳳姐的說話對(duì)象似始終為賈璉。這兩種理解似都可以接受:“你”如果指平兒,最后一句就成了鳳姐對(duì)她的警告;指賈璉的話,這一句便同喬譯那樣成了她對(duì)丈夫的提醒。
譯者對(duì)代詞“你”的指稱對(duì)象理解不一,一方面由于沒有仔細(xì)考察上下文,另一方面版本不一,語(yǔ)境中相關(guān)信息的缺失等因素都不容忽視。上述例子中的“你”都是姿勢(shì)性指示詞語(yǔ),在實(shí)際的會(huì)話場(chǎng)景中總是和副語(yǔ)言手段一起使用,如用目光或頭的方向、手勢(shì)等指明受話人(何兆熊,2000)。《紅樓夢(mèng)》語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練,輔助人物話語(yǔ)的副語(yǔ)言手段經(jīng)常省略,遂使受話人不易判斷。
三、第三人稱“他”的指稱模糊
與“你”不同,第三人稱“他”不僅出現(xiàn)在人物話語(yǔ)中,也可用在敘述話語(yǔ)中。人物話語(yǔ)中的“他”可指談話現(xiàn)
場(chǎng)的聽話人,也可指已經(jīng)提到過的某個(gè)人,而且曹雪芹時(shí)代有“他”無“她”,“他”兼指男女,其用法與上世紀(jì)六七十年代女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)以前的“he”類似(楊永林,2004),翻譯時(shí)容易混淆。
(4)趙姨娘的兄弟趙國(guó)基去世,趙姨娘因嫌賞銀少,遂同探春爭(zhēng)吵,(探春)又說道:“這是祖宗手里舊規(guī)矩,人人都依著,偏我改了不成?這也不但襲人,將來環(huán)兒收了外頭的,自然也是和襲人一樣。這原不是什么爭(zhēng)大爭(zhēng)小的事,講不到有臉沒臉的話上。他是太太的奴才,我是按著舊規(guī)矩辦。說辦的好,領(lǐng)祖宗的恩典、太太的恩典;若說辦的不公,那是他糊涂不知福,也只好憑他抱怨去……”(第五十五回)
【霍譯】Zhao Guo-ji was Lady Wang's bondservant.That means that he belongs to the “home-reared”class.The rules lay down a certain scale of payments for that class.All I have done is to follow the rules.I'm sure that Zhao Guo-ji must approve and be grateful to the ancestors and Lady Wang for their generosity.If he doesn’t“-”if he thinks he is being unfairly treated“-”hen all I can say is that he is stupid and ungrateful and one can’t really care very much what he thinks.(vol.3, P51)
“他是太太的奴才”中的“他”指趙國(guó)基,他為榮府世仆,死后按例只給二十兩銀子,不像襲人是“外頭的”,母親死后賞四十兩。第一個(gè)“他”霍譯不誤,但隨后兩個(gè)“他”并非指趙國(guó)基,趙已死,不會(huì)抱怨不公,霍克思可能下意識(shí)地將后兩個(gè)“他”也看成男性代詞。②說“辦的不公”的人自然是趙姨娘,探春“糊涂不知福”等語(yǔ)也是明顯針對(duì)她,但趙姨娘畢竟是探春生母,作者因此沒用不大禮貌的第二人稱“你”(崔希亮,2000),而用帶有泛指的“他”,仿佛責(zé)備的是別人而不是受話人趙姨娘,顯得較為委婉。楊、喬的譯文分別為:
【楊譯】If someone's in our mistress'service, I can only go by the rules.The sum’s given thanks to the kindness of our ancestors and our mistress.If that someone thinks it unfair and is too stupid to know when she’s well off, I can’t stop her complaining.(vol.2,P236)
【喬譯】These will hold good not only with Xiren…She's our Madame Wang's servant-girl, and I’ve dealt with her according to a long-standing precedent.Those who say that I've taken suitable action will come in for our ancestors' bounty and our lady's bounty as wel l.But should anyone uphold that I've adopted an unfair course, that person is devoid of all common sense and totally ignorant of what a blessing means.The only thing she can do is to foster as much resentment as she chooses.(P933)
第一個(gè)“他”并不指襲人,喬譯誤,楊譯“someone”也不準(zhǔn)確。第二個(gè)“他”,楊譯“someone”與喬譯“that person”(anyone)接近原文。最后一個(gè)“他”,楊、喬分別譯為女性代詞“her”和“she”,似明確了探春的指責(zé),不及原文含蓄。“他”可用作泛指外,還有虛指的用法。如:
(5)寶玉挨打后給黛玉送了兩塊手帕,黛玉在上面題了三首詩(shī),其中一首為:
拋珠滾玉只偷潸,鎮(zhèn)日無心鎮(zhèn)日閑;枕上袖邊難拂拭,任他點(diǎn)點(diǎn)與斑斑。(第三十四回)
【楊譯】Hard to wipe them from sleeve and pillow,Then suffer the stains to stay.(vol.1,P497)
【霍譯】Lest sleeve or pillow they should spot or stain,Shall on these gifts shower down their salty rain.(vol.2,P168)
【喬譯】As on my pillow or sleeves' edge I may not wipe them dry,I let them dot by dot, and drop by drop to run freely.(P559)
呂叔湘指出,當(dāng)“他”與“任”“憑”等動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成熟語(yǔ)時(shí),“他”指該字后面所說的事情。這首詩(shī)中,“他”應(yīng)指“枕袖上淚痕點(diǎn)點(diǎn)斑斑”。霍克思與喬利分別將它其譯為“手帕”與“眼淚”,與原文不符,沒有楊譯恰當(dāng)。呂叔湘還指出“他”所指的事情在該字后頭,讓人覺得空空洞洞無所稱代,它的功能不過湊足音節(jié),可看作是虛指。即使作為實(shí)指,“他”的所指對(duì)象有時(shí)也不易確定。如:
(6)王夫人告訴鳳姐等人她將襲人擢為寶玉的“跟前人”。事后黛玉從王夫人處回園,不想黛玉因遇見湘云,約他來與襲人道喜,……(第三十六回)
【霍譯】Meanwhile Dai-yu, on her way back to have a bath, had run into Xiang-yun and agreed to the latter's proposal that they should together call Aroma to congratulate her on her promotion.(vol.2,P202)
【楊譯】Meanwhile Daiyu had run into Xinagyun and suggested they go together to congratulate Xiren.(vol.1,P524)
【喬譯】At quite an unforeseen moment—for Lin Daiyu had met Shi Xiangyun and asked her to come along with her and present her congratulations to Xiren…(P589)
“他”指誰呢?三家譯文并不一致。楊、喬認(rèn)為指湘云,霍克思則認(rèn)為是黛玉。從上下文看,眾人從王夫人處出來時(shí),寶釵約黛玉去藕香榭,黛玉回說要立刻洗澡,此時(shí)她似不大會(huì)約湘云去怡紅院。另外,以黛玉的性格,她未必?zé)嶂匀ハ蛞u人道喜。湘云主動(dòng)約黛玉則符合她一貫的熱心,以及體現(xiàn)她與襲人之間的友誼,小說第三十二回、第五十四回等處都提到襲人曾為湘云的丫鬟,兩人感情極好。
此句各本的標(biāo)點(diǎn)也不盡相同,齊魯書社黃霖校點(diǎn)本及北師大校注本與上引舊通行本相同。按舊通行本的標(biāo)點(diǎn),應(yīng)是黛玉約湘云,第二個(gè)小句的主語(yǔ)是零形式,一般回指首句的主語(yǔ)(王燦龍,2000)。喬譯的底本《新評(píng)繡像紅樓夢(mèng)全傳》既無標(biāo)點(diǎn)也無句讀,③楊譯的底本《戚序本》④只有句讀:“不想林黛玉。因遇見史湘云約他來與襲人道喜。”《戚序本》的句讀表明是湘云約黛玉,新校本及俞平伯校訂本此句連作一句讀也可作同樣理解。⑤可見標(biāo)點(diǎn)者見解不一,楊、霍翻譯時(shí)也沒有囿于原文的句讀或標(biāo)點(diǎn)。下面一例譯者與標(biāo)點(diǎn)者同樣看法不一。
(7)生日那天鳳姐撞見賈璉與鮑二媳婦偷情,大鬧一場(chǎng)后跑到賈母跟前哭訴,鳳姐兒哭道:“我才家去換衣裳,不防璉二爺在家和人說話,我只當(dāng)是有客來了,唬的我不敢進(jìn)去;在窗戶外頭聽了一聽,原來是鮑二家的媳婦,商議說我利害,要拿毒藥給我吃了,治死我,把平兒扶了正。我原生了氣,又不敢和他吵,打了平兒兩下子,問他為什么害我。他臊了,就要?dú)⑽摇!保ǖ谒氖幕兀?/p>
【楊譯】Angry as I was,I dared not quarrel with him;I just gave Pinger a couple of slaps and asked her why she should want to murder me.He flared up then and threatened to kill me.(vol.2,P51)
【霍譯】I became very angry then;but I didn't want to make a scene with him.I struck Patience a couple of times.All I did to him was ask him why he should want to kill me,but he was so much put out by that that he tried to murder me on the spot.(vol.2,P372)
【喬譯】At this, I lost my temper.But not venturing, none the less, to have a row with him, I simply gave Ping'er two slaps; and then I asked him why he wished to do me harm.But so stricken did he get with shame that he tried there and then to despatch me.(P733-734)
“問他為什么害我”中的“他”指誰呢?可解作平兒,鳳姐在賈母面前裝賢惠,表明自己對(duì)丈夫有盡讓,“不敢與他吵”,只質(zhì)問平兒。也可解作賈璉,鳳姐說賈璉與鮑二媳婦商議治死她,害鳳姐的自然是他們兩人。另外鳳姐如問平兒為何害她,賈璉似不至于發(fā)臊要?dú)ⅧP姐。從標(biāo)點(diǎn)看,多數(shù)本子如新校本、北師大校注本及齊魯書社黃霖校點(diǎn)本都與上引舊通行本同,舊通行本“問他為什么害我”句斷,“他”指平兒。而俞平伯校訂的《紅樓夢(mèng)八十回校本》中,“打了平兒兩下子”句斷,“問他為什么害我”逗斷,“他”指賈璉,與霍、喬兩家譯文一致。
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
上文所討論的七個(gè)例子中,例(1)、例(4)與例(5)的所指對(duì)象不難確定,而其余四例都有一定難度。如例(2),上文提及的幾個(gè)現(xiàn)代《紅樓夢(mèng)》版本里,“你去”后都沒有用逗號(hào)斷開。又如例(6),確定“他”的所指對(duì)象不僅有賴于上下文,也要求讀者對(duì)人物性格及人物之間的關(guān)系有很好的把握。例(3)與例(7)屬于兩可,除非有令人信服的理由,否則我們無法在兩種解釋中作出取舍。
副語(yǔ)言手段缺失使得“你”的所指對(duì)象不易判斷,而“他”指稱模糊的原因則較難概括,這部分在于“他”用法的多樣性:可兼指男女,用作泛指、虛指及實(shí)指等。總的來說,“他”的誤譯歧譯要比“你”多,受話人“你”難以確定的情形畢竟不多見。
曹雪芹慣用“囫圇不解之語(yǔ)”(陳洪,2005),在人稱代詞的運(yùn)用上自不例外。這一方面固然增加了閱讀上的難度,上文提到的幾種《紅樓夢(mèng)》的標(biāo)點(diǎn)者大多是資深紅學(xué)家,他們對(duì)一些句子及人稱代詞的理解都不盡一致,英譯者的分歧自然在所難免。但另一方面,《紅樓夢(mèng)》的“囫圇不解”也給讀者留下了不少思考余地,我們遇到歧譯或疑問時(shí)會(huì)通過上下文及常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析判斷,對(duì)理解此書不無裨益。現(xiàn)代西方文論中的詮釋學(xué)、接受美學(xué)及讀者反應(yīng)理論都強(qiáng)調(diào)讀者在構(gòu)建文本意義中的作用,《紅樓夢(mèng)》可以說給我們提供了足夠的闡釋空間,這無疑是它雋永耐讀的一個(gè)原因。
(本文受到中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金資助。)
注釋:
①引自藍(lán)純(2007),下文《紅樓夢(mèng)》引文除特別說明外均引自舊通行本,即人民文學(xué)出版社以程乙本為底本的校注本(1964年第3版)。霍克思的譯文主要據(jù)據(jù)舊通行本(范圣宇.《紅樓夢(mèng)》管窺-英譯、語(yǔ)言與文化[M].北京:社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2004:27.
②霍譯此類錯(cuò)誤不止一處,如寶玉生日,平兒來怡紅院給寶玉拜壽,兩人互致問候,平兒笑道:“我正打發(fā)你姐姐梳頭,不得出來回你。后來聽見又說讓我,我那里禁當(dāng)?shù)钠穑克蕴亟o二爺來磕頭。”寶玉笑道:“我也禁當(dāng)不起。”襲人早在門旁安了座讓他坐。(第六十二回)“Aroma nevertheless brought a chair over and Bao-yu sit in it.”(vol.3,P189)劃線句子中的“他”指平兒而非寶玉,襲人給平兒安座是待客的禮數(shù)。
③喬利譯本的底本為《新評(píng)繡像紅樓夢(mèng)全傳》(王金波:?jiǎn)汤都t樓夢(mèng)》英譯本的底本考證[J].明清小說研究,2007,(1).)。
④楊憲益夫婦譯本的底本為戚序本(范圣宇.《紅樓夢(mèng)》管窺——英譯、語(yǔ)言與文化[M].北京:社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2004)
⑤除舊通行本與新校本外,此段提到的幾個(gè)不同版本的《紅樓夢(mèng)》依次為:[1][清]曹雪芹撰,黃霖校點(diǎn).紅樓夢(mèng)[M].濟(jì)南:齊魯書社,1994.[2][清]曹雪芹撰,紅樓夢(mèng)[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,1987.[3][清]曹雪芹、高鶚撰,新評(píng)繡像紅樓夢(mèng)全傳[M].北 京:北京圖書館出版社,2004.[4][清]曹雪芹撰,戚蓼生序本石頭記(第四冊(cè))[M].北京:文學(xué)古籍刊行社,1975.[5][清]曹雪芹撰,俞平伯校訂.紅樓夢(mèng)八十回校本[M].北京:人民文學(xué)出版社,1958.
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(胡欣裕 杭州 浙江大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 310058)