如何訓練學生的英語基礎寫作能力

在教學中，我發現大多數學生上交的作文很明顯是一次成稿的，通常存在以下問題：作文思路狹窄，文章結構松散，缺乏邏輯性，內容膚淺，語法、詞序或拼寫等表層錯誤較多，這些錯誤不是經過幾次寫作訓練就可以解決的， 而是需要師生雙方不斷地認識和克服，最終提高寫作水平。

在課堂上，我先介紹一篇高考滿分作文，并分析：必需覆蓋題目提出的所有要點和要求；要學會應用一些高級的詞匯、句型；語法必需多樣化并含一些較為復雜的語法；有效地使用語句間的連接詞，使全文結構緊湊。

My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations

It is known to us all that some students cheat in exams at school. As students， we often take exams at school， but sometimes we have too many exams which are too difficult for us. On the other hand， some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking exams， they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.

In my opinion， it is wrong to cheat in exams because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in exams. What’s more， we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for exams.

接下來，我告訴學生，要寫出一篇好的作文，必需注重以下步驟：審題、抓要點、拓展成句、連句成文、修改、謄寫。

第一步：練習寫簡單句

1. 主語+系動詞+表語。如：My mother has been away for a month.

2. 主語+不及物動詞。如：Sandy is singing.

3. 主語+及物動詞+賓語。如：He admits that he was mistaken.

4. 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如：I showed him my picture.= I showed my picture to him./ He bought you a dictionary.= He bought a dictionary for you.

5. 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓補。如：They appointed him manager.

第二步：學會寫并列句

常用的關聯詞表示并列關系、轉折關系、歸納總結、對照、遞進關系、先后次序關系、順序關系等，我在教學過程中分別詳講并舉例。如：and， also， even so， however， in other words， on the whole， yet， still， for all of that， furthermore， moreover， previously， stimultaneously， at the outset， following this.

第三步：練習運用復合句

1. 名詞性從句。（1）主語從句，引導主語從句的詞很多，連詞只起連接作用，不充當句子成分；連接代詞、連接副詞在句中充當一定的句子成分。如：It’s+adj./n. (true/ important/ necessary/ clear/ certain/ well-known/ a duty等)+that... (2)賓語從句，如：Some people believe / argue/ hold/ insist/ think that...（3）同位語從句，常跟在fact， idea， thought， order， suggestion， news， truth， hope等后面，用以說明或解釋前面的名詞。如：There is no doubt that......（4）表語從句，如：The fact is that......

2. 形容詞性從句。具有形容詞功能，在復合句中做定語的從句被稱之為形容詞性從句或定語從句。被修飾的詞、詞組或代詞被稱為先行詞。形容詞性從句分為兩種類型：由關系代詞 who， whom， whose， that， which， as引導的從句；由關系副詞when， where，why引導的從句。

將簡單句合并為定語從句有三個步驟：找出先行詞：確定主句、從句：分析先行詞在定語從句中的成分（做主語、賓語或狀語），選擇合適的關系詞。如：The boy was at Center School last year. He helped us a lot.找出先行詞the boy，確定主句為“The boy was at Center School last year”，從句為“He helped us a lot”，分析先行詞在定語從句中的成分并選擇合適的引導詞，然后將兩個句子合并：The boy helped us a lot who/ that was at Center School last year.

3. 副詞性從句。副詞性從句也稱為狀語從句，主要用來修飾主句或者主句的謂語。（1）時間狀語從句，如：I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked.（2）地點狀語從句，如：Where there is smoke， there is fire.（3）原因狀語從句，如：Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.（4）目的狀語從句，如：Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. （5）結果狀語從句，如：It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.（6）條件狀語從句，如：We’ll start our project if the president agrees.（7）讓步狀語從句，如：No matter how hard he tried， she could not change her mind.（8）比較狀語從句，如：The more you exercises， the healthier you will be.（9）方式狀語從句，如：She behaved as if she was the boss.

以簡單句為線索，結合并列句和復合句教學，可訓練學生的基礎寫作能力。在教學中，教師要采用加強句型訓練、造句練習等方法。造句練習可以和詞匯教學、句型教學以及語法教學相結合，還可用連詞成句、譯句、仿寫句子等形式，使學生學會使用多種手法、句式，表達同一意思，使文章生動活潑。要寫出高質量的作文，并非一日之功，需要學習者平時用心多觀察、多模仿、多練習，才能在寫完作文后獲得一種“如釋重負”的感覺。

責任編輯魏文琦