閱讀理解中的題旨選擇

一、利用主題句，找出文眼

一般來說，作者會把自己要表達的觀點利用主題句的方式呈現(xiàn)給讀者。主題句有時在文首，有時在文尾，偶爾也可能在文中。作者往往利用主題句來命題，讓讀者一目了然。例：

People often say， “Even without stepping out of my house I know all that has been happening in the world.”

I think that is quite true.

We get all kinds of news from newspapers. This helps us to understand the developing world， without having to go to the places where events are actually（really）taking place.

Newspapers not only carry news but also teach us many useful things， such as first aid， cooking， playing chess， how to take good photographs and enrich us with common sense.

Reading a newspaper can widen our scope（view）of knowledge. It helps us improve our writing. We can also learn many new words from newspapers.

Because of all these advantages， I like to read newspapers.

What would be the best title for the text?

A. Don't Step Out of Your House

B .Why I Like to Read Newspaper

C. Join Us and Read Newspapers

D. The Best Way to Carry News and Learn Useful Things

答案是B。本篇文章是典型的呈現(xiàn)主題句于文尾的類型。通過陳述他人的觀點，贊同他人的觀點，描述自己的愛好，歸納讀報的益處，一步步推導出結論，并用主題句歸納出來，把作者的意圖交代得一清二楚。

二、尋找重復詞，發(fā)現(xiàn)作者意圖

有時作者并沒有寫出主題句、但縱觀全文，分析全文，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)作者意圖的一些蛛絲馬跡，得出文章的主題句，進而推斷出文章的標題。例：

A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights， pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later， they wake up again. Strange， isn't it?

Sleep puzzles science. Scientists and doctors would rather talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not sure what causes sleep. The best conditions for sleep are good health and meal neither too big nor too small， No worries and a comfortable place are important， too. They advise against two in bed.

Strange things happen during sleep. For example， they move often. You would feel tired if you didn't. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination in parts of your brain are still awake. Experiments have shown most of us dream in color. Bad dreams may be caused by stomachache.

Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were begun while their writings slept.

The best title for the passage is

A. The Strangeness of Sleep.

B. How Can You Get a Good Sleep.

C. What Happens During Sleep.

D. The Causes of Dream.

答案是A。本文雖說在任何地方都沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，但全文卻反復出現(xiàn)一個詞（或近義詞）。該詞正是文章作者極力想體現(xiàn)的意思，也是作者的困惑之處，也恰是作者寫本文的目的。

三、研究文章結構，感悟文章主題

有些作者既不用主題句來展示其意圖，文中也無反復出現(xiàn)的詞，而是通過運用文章本身的結構來揭示其要表達的意義。例：

George Washington（1732-1799）was born just two years before Daniel Boone. Each man helped America in a special way.

George Washington was an important leader during the Revolutionary War. George Washington liked working with people. People trusted his ideas. George Washington helped lead the colonists through the Revolutionary War. He helped form the government of the United States. He was the first president.

Daniel Boone was a pioneer. He moved into the wilderness， he did not like having too many people living near him. Daniel Boone led a small group of people to Kentucky. When Kentucky became too crowded， Daniel Boone moved his family and a few other people to Missouri. Missouri was a wilderness at the time of Revolutionary War. He died in 1820.

1. The best title for the passage is

A. Two Pioneers

B. The First President of the US

C. Two great men

D. Two American Presidents

2. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The first president of the US was George Washington.

B. George Washington and Daniel Boone were both important men in the history of the US.

C. Daniel Boone did great contribu -tions to the US.

D. George Washington was an important leader during the Revolutionary War.

答案分別是C、B。本文用三段來描述兩個人，每段描述一個，雖說這兩個人風馬牛不相及……一個是美國總統(tǒng)，另一個是西部開拓者，但他們的相似之處在于他們都為美國做出了應有的貢獻。作者的筆墨無輕無重，正是把兩人視為同等重要的人。由此我們很容易得出文章主題句，并歸納出文章的題目。

四、探究文章風格，品位作者意圖

有的文章作者既沒有給出主題句，也沒有比較明顯的文章結構可以看出其要表達的意思，也沒有反復出現(xiàn)的詞。這時就需要我們對于文章的文風進一步分析，琢磨作者要表達的思想。例：

I am always worried before a swim. I don't know what the weather will be like until the day of the race. Will the wind be whipping up 15-foot waves? Or will the surface of the water be like glass? On the morning of a swim， our trainer wakes us at around three a.m. for breakfast. We see the press. We eat. Nobody talks. I never look at the swimmers. I look out at the lake and wonder what is will do to me. I wonder whether I'll be able to cross it. There is always the risk that I may not gain control over the water.

1. What is the possible title of this passage?

A. Thoughts before a Swimming Race

B. A Good Swimmer

C. The Weather before a Race

D. What Will it Do to Me?

2. Which of the following best gives the main idea of this passage?

A. Before a race the author doesn't know what the weather will be like.

B. All the swimmers feel nervous before a race.

C. The author feels worried before a race about whether she can gain control over the water.

D. The author is sure of crossing the water.

答案分別是A、B。本文描述的是一個運動員賽前的復雜心理活動。而作者并沒有說要描寫他們的心理感想，只是用文字本身來說明。通過一句句簡短的文字，我們可以感受到那緊迫的氣氛，運動員的心理壓力躍然紙上。這樣我們就能把握作者的意圖，得出本文的文題和主題句。

五、解剖文章脈絡，發(fā)現(xiàn)分總關系

議論文的論點不是一個很難發(fā)現(xiàn)的觀點。但出題人為了檢測讀者是否真正明白作者的思想，會設計一些和大論點有關的分論點的問題。這就需要讀者弄清文章脈絡，發(fā)現(xiàn)總論點和分論點之間的關系。例：

Life is difficult.

It is a great truth because once we truly understand and accept it， then life is no longer difficult.

Most do not fully see this truth. Instead they complain（抱怨）about their problems and difficulties as if life should be easy. It seems to them that their difficulties represent（代表）a special kind of suffering especially forced upon them or else upon their families， their class， or even their nation.

What makes life difficult is that the process of facing and solving problems is a painful one. Problems， depending on their nature， cause in us sadness or loneliness or regret or anger or fear. These are uncomfortable feelings， often as painful as any kind of physical pain. And since life causes an endless series of problems， life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.

Yet， it is in this whole process of solving problems that life has its meaning. Problems are the serious test that tells success from failure. When we desire （want） to encourage the growth of the human spirit， we encourage the human ability to solve problems， just as in school we set problems that we learn. As Benjamin Franklin said， “Those things that hurt， instruct.” It is for this reason that wise people learn not to fear but to welcome the pain of problems.

The main idea of paragraph 3 is

.

A. most people feel life is easy

B. the writer feel life is easy

C. the writer likes to complain about his problems

D. most people complain about how hard their lives are

答案是D。文章的總論點在文首就已經給出，但其試題是就文章的第三段設計，顯然是為了迷惑讀者，請君入甕。這就要求讀者要明辨作者思路，找出各論點之間的關系，同時要弄清試題的意向。

我們知道，人類對于一切問題的解決辦法，都采用分析的方法，即找出要解決的問題根源，分析其可能的解決辦法，找出符合其實際的解法。教學活動實際上就是這兩種方法的培養(yǎng)過程，平時訓練是一種分析活動。高中階段的學習不應只體現(xiàn)簡單的、膚淺的、單一的知識學習，也不應只憑借所學的固有知識去解決書本上所謂的問題，而是應在掌握書本知識的基礎上，培養(yǎng)真正的面對生活的問題的能力。能力的培養(yǎng)不應只讓學生記憶書本或教師教給的內容，而是應讓學生自己去學會歸納和分析這些最基本的技能，以不變應萬變。只有這樣，才能使學生永遠立于不敗之地。