祈使句常用來表示命令、請求、勸告、建議和號召等意思。她是英語常用的一種表達(dá)方式。句末一般用句號或嘆號,語調(diào)一般用降調(diào)。根據(jù)祈使句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法可分為三種。
一、第二人稱祈使句,由于常省略主語you,所以又成為無主語祈使句
(1)第二人稱祈使句的特點(diǎn):
1)主語you通常省略;
2)謂語一律用動詞原形;
3)無人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。
(2)第二人稱祈使句的肯定結(jié)構(gòu)如下列:
1)Stop!
2)be quiet!
3)Give it to me!
4)Go and get some water!
(3)第二人稱祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu):
一律在肯定結(jié)構(gòu)之前加do not(don't)如:
Don't take the books away!
Don't be late next time!
Don't put off until tomorrow what can be done today!
注意:祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)如需要保留主語時,不能用do not的形式,只能用縮寫式don't,如:don't anyone open the door!
(4)第二人稱祈使句加強(qiáng)語氣的各種形式:
1)加助動詞do,如:
Do come again! Do be carefull!
2)用never代替don't,如:
①Never foeget!
②Never flinch from a difficult task!
3)主語you不省略或加呼語,如:
You stop talking!
Be quite comrades!
4)用進(jìn)行體形式,如:
Don't be standing in the rain!
Don't be pressing us for an answer!
注意,有時用上主語是為了明確誰是聽話的人,也有時是為了表示“不高興”“厭煩”“鄙視”等情緒。如:
Workers of all countries, unite!
You mind your own business!
(5)第二人稱祈使句委婉語氣的各種形式:
1)加please,若please加在句首,please讀得重些,和祈使句之間沒有逗號隔開。若please加在祈使句句末,please則讀得輕些,和祈使句之間用逗號隔開。如:
Please read the text! Stand up please!
2)用will(would,won't)或can(could)you+動詞原形(+其他)句型,這種句型形式上是疑問句,意義上卻是一種肯定祈使句。這種句型比較有禮貌,語氣也較婉轉(zhuǎn)。如:
Will(can) you come here?
Won't you have some more?
Could you help me with the letter?
3)在祈使句后加一個簡短問句,這種句型形式上是疑問句,常用聲調(diào)讀,意義上是委婉客氣的祈使句,如:
Have a little more coffee will you?
Keep quiet,can't you?
二、帶有第一和第三人稱的祈使句,這種祈使句均由let引導(dǎo),所以又稱let祈使句,這種祈使句表示建議
(1)肯定結(jié)果:let+第一人稱或第三人稱(賓格)+動詞原形+其他,如:
Let him do it !/Let's begin our lesson!
(2)否定結(jié)構(gòu):
1)Don't +let引導(dǎo)的祈使句,如:
Don't let's waste time
Don't let him know it
2)let+第一人稱或第三人稱(賓格)+not+動詞原形+其他,如:
Let's not waste our time
(3)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的形式:
1)在句首加Do,如:
Do let's go to the theatre
Do let him try
2)表示否定強(qiáng)調(diào)時,用never代替don't,如:
Never let him know it!
Never let't waste out time!
注:let's 是let us 的縮寫形式,但意義完全一樣。Let's包括談話的對方,let us不包括談話對方,如:
Let's go and see him ,shall we?(包括談話對方)
Let us do it by ourselves,will you? (不包括談話對方)
三、無動詞祈使句
這種祈使句句式簡單,語義清楚,較多地出現(xiàn)在好使、招貼、喊話、口令和口號中。無動詞祈使句主語從不出現(xiàn),也沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。
無動詞祈使句主要有7種句式:
(1)副詞+with+名詞或代詞的賓格,如:
On with your coat!
Down with the old and up with the new!
(2)No+名詞(或動名詞),表示“禁止”的意思,如:
No smoking!
No spitting!
No sprking here!
No scribbling on the wall!
(3)介詞短語,如:
After you!
Off the road please!
Forward to new victories !
(4)名詞+副詞,如:
Hands off!
Bottoms up !
All aboard!
(5)just+名詞,如:
Just a moment,please!
Just a little,please!
(6)形容詞+名詞,或名詞+形容詞,如:
Ready all!Eyes front!
(7)有時這種祈使句僅有一個詞,這個詞可以是語氣詞、名詞或副詞,如:
Hush!
Silence/Order! Order! Order!
The salt,please!
注:有些無動詞祈使句實(shí)際上是有動詞祈使句的省略式,如:
Up=Get(stand) up! at a moment!=Please wait a moment!
Hands up! =-Put your hands up!
(瓦房店新型培訓(xùn)學(xué)校)