辛亥革命烈士龔寶銓

最近，嘉興市政府撥款給油車港鎮修繕“龔寶銓故居”，并立碑“嘉興市級文物保護單位”，門前大路命名為“寶銓路”。龔寶銓故居坐落于寶銓路41號。“龔寶銓故居紀念館”將于10月10日開放，紀念辛亥革命100周年，彰顯這位勇于推翻清王朝封建統治、反對外國列強侵略中國、建立民主共和國的辛亥革命功臣。

崢嶸少年

龔寶銓，男，1886年3月生于嘉興縣油車港鎮馬厙匯一戶貧困農民家庭，排行老四。寶銓從小讀書刻苦，一放學就參加田間勞動，深夜還點著油燈看書做作業，16歲那年以優秀成績考取嘉興秀水學堂，學習成績為全班之冠。他尊敬師長，團結同學，有“見利不惑，臨難不撓”氣質，成為崢嶸少年。

龔寶銓所讀書的嘉興秀水學堂（現嘉興秀州中學）是一所教會學堂。1902年春，學校購置一臺大鐘，美國傳教士花第生來校參觀訪問，看見那臺鐘感到好奇，問校總理陶惺存可否敲一下，陶總理點頭回答：“可以，可以！”于是花第生敲了兩下，鐘聲響遍全校，在操場上活動的學生當作敲鐘吃晚飯了，大家紛紛進食堂。因吃飯時間不到不能開飯，食堂炊事員匯報總務處，總務處干事不明敲鐘真相，盲目批評學生違犯學校紀律，要處分學生。學生受冤屈不服氣與總務處干事頂撞起來。龔寶銓理直氣壯地說：“敲鐘的是美國傳教士，同學們是按鐘聲行動，沒有違犯校紀，請?？偫沓鰜碜髯C！”陶惺存總理外出不能前來作證，總務處聯系教務處還是錯誤地處理了龔寶銓等10位同學退學。

投身革命

龔寶銓含冤退學回家不久，跟隨同學留學日本，是同行中年齡最小的一個，也是家庭經濟最困難一人，無錢進日本東京大學讀書。寶銓在焦急之中，遇見救命恩人章太炎先生，章先生收他為學徒，吃住在章太炎處，幫助章太炎編輯《民報》，宣傳民主革命思想，反清廷皇室封建統治及媚外崇洋的賣國行為，獲得日本華僑華人、留日學生和南洋廣大華僑華人的擁護。他們以龔寶銓為榜樣，紛紛加入光復會、同盟會。龔寶銓被推選為同盟會副職，分管組織人事及檔案工作。龔寶銓寫得一手好文章，在《民報》上抨擊清廷賣國行為，追求民主革命新潮流，受到陳其美、蔡元培的贊譽。章太炎器重、喜愛龔寶銓，將女兒許配給他，使龔寶銓更大膽而扎實工作。1904年4月，龔寶銓結識周樹人（魯迅），在東京發起組織《浙江同鄉會》，出刊《浙江潮》雜志，抗議沙俄侵占我東北三省領土，并返滬與陳其美、蔡元培商議成立“中國軍教育會”，揭露清廷特務暗殺隊罪行，保護革命黨人。1905年初，龔寶銓偕陶成章來嘉興與敖嘉熊，褚輔成等人商議浙江革命軍事宜，成立“浙江新軍”，在嘉興建立“溫臺處會館”，開展練武軍訓。

此間，清廷派遣大批特務到日本各大城市搞“暗殺”活動，查封《民報》，龔寶銓冒著生命危險深夜燒毀浙江駐日本同盟會、光復會人員名冊，保護了大批華僑華人中“兩會”成員免遭殺害。龔寶銓支持浙江革命黨人秋瑾、陶成章、徐錫麟諸人領導創辦紹興大通師范學堂，培養青年民主革命人才。龔寶銓來到浙東、浙南地區，翻山越水，日行七八十里訪問發展同盟會、光復會成員，壯大革命組織。他還到安徽蕪湖中學任教，建立據點，壯大同盟會，發展蘇浙皖邊區革命力量。龔寶銓還去南洋群島，在華僑華人中也發展同盟會、光復會成員2000多人，受到孫中山先生贊譽。

龔寶銓的反清民主革命行動受到廣大人民群眾擁護和保護，遭清政府追捕，龔寶銓多次更名為未生、味生、微蓀、國元等，在群眾保護下免遭清廷“暗殺隊”謀害，在浙江省聯系發展了同盟會、光復會成員5000多人，其中，在嘉興的敖嘉熊、陳仲權、褚輔成、方于笥、計宗型的共同努力下，發展同盟會、光復會成員達2000多人，壯大了嘉興民主革命隊伍。

光復嘉興

1911年10月10日，武昌起義勝利消息傳到日本，龔寶銓回國來到嘉興，與同盟會、光復會領導成員商議嘉興如何舉行起義之事。龔寶銓、褚輔成聯系省新軍葛敬恩，由顧乃斌為督導官，率領新軍第八十二標三營武裝部隊，于11月7日凌晨出兵進軍嘉興，龔寶銓、敖嘉熊、褚輔成、方于笥在精嚴寺指揮，清政府官吏、軍警頭目統領沈沂山、趙廷玉、張學智等人聞訊深夜逃跑。當天新軍部隊到達嘉興南門三號橋，由同盟會會員馬濟生持旗接應。新軍部隊繞嘉興城一周，進駐精嚴寺，全城大街小巷插滿旗幟，百姓夾道歡迎新軍。第二天（11月8日），新軍進駐都督府（子城），改組清軍留守人員，宣布成立“嘉興縣新軍分府”。辛亥革命使清朝自順治入關稱帝268年的封建王朝專制統治結束，民主共和新中國誕生。浙江及嘉興也由此光復。

浙江省光復后，成立“浙江省軍政府”。龔寶銓被推任浙江省圖書館館長。翌年，孫中山將“大總統”大權讓給袁世凱，袁稱帝復辟封建王朝，瘋狂鎮壓革命黨人，將章太炎軟禁于北京，株連女婿龔寶銓受審查。龔寶銓“臨難不撓”，潛回浙江發動群眾倒袁，保護辛亥革命勝利成果。

1916年秋，全國性反袁運動取得勝利后，改組浙江省軍政府，成立省參議會，龔寶銓任外交顧問、省參議會副參議長，但龔寶銓仍拿圖書館館長薪金，不要外交補貼費，也不拿省副參議長工資，保持清廉艱苦精神。

在工作中他經常下基層調查研究，傾聽老百姓意見，鏟除地方貪官污吏，深受老百姓贊譽。龔寶銓的前妻是章太炎女兒，在太章先生受袁世凱迫害時吊死；后妻是褚輔成妹妹，住嘉興，由于龔寶銓長期外出工作很少回嘉興，故未能生育子女。龔寶銓在艱苦的環境中長期投身革命運動，常常累得抱病工作。大家勸他注意休息保養身體，寶銓回答說：“寧為民眾獻身，不讓百姓吃苦?！饼弻氥屢簧鸀槊裰鞲锩鼩椌邞]，鞠躬盡瘁。不幸的是他在外出工作中傳染上疫癥，于1922年6月猝死，年僅37歲。龔寶銓被追認為辛亥革命烈士。1925年7月2日（民國十四年五月十二日），嘉興縣各界人士公祭七烈士，龔寶銓就是其中杰出的一位。

嘉興市秀州區政府、區政協文史委與油車港鎮政府擬出刊《龔寶銓烈士》專輯，在紀念辛亥革命100周年大會上發行，以弘揚龔寶銓熱愛祖國、熱愛人民、“見利不惑，臨難不撓”、艱苦樸素的精神。□

Gong Baoquan， a Revolutionist of the 1911 Revolution

By Chen Qiwen

It is true that the 1911 Revolution of China was brief. It started on October 10， 1911 and ended on February 12， 1912. But by the time the revolution was over， the Qing Dynasty was gone; the 4，000-year monarchy system in China was gone， a brand new chapter of modern China began， and a galaxy of revolutionary heroes had their names carved into history.

One of the numerous heroes is Gong Baoquan (1886-1922)， a native of Jiaxing， Zhejiang Province.

In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the 1911 Revolution， Jiaxing municipal government has been restoring Gong Baoquan’s former residence， now a cultural heritage under the protection of Jiaxing. It is scheduled to open to the general public on Oct 10， 2011.

Not many people know about Gong Baoquan. As a matter of fact， he was one of the most active heroes dedicated to the revolutionary undertakings in the ten years up to the revolution. Moreover， he is one of the historical and cultural celebrities of Jiaxing.

Born in Makuhui Town， Gong Baoquan was the fourth child of the family. His father was a doctor and his mother from a family of scholars. Influenced by his mother， Gong developed a passion for literature in early boyhood years. He was admitted to Xiushui Junior High School at age sixteen but dropped out in 1900 because of an incident based on misunderstanding concerning a visiting American missionary.

During that time， China was faced with the troubles at home and aggression from Western imperialist powers. In order to pursue a better education opportunity and overthrow the incompetent Qing government， the young man went to Japan in 1902 for further education. There， he met Zhang Taiyan， a Chinese democratic revolutionist and thinker who had later exerted a great influence on the young man’s life.

Appreciating Gong’s literary talent and patriotic aspiration， Zhang Taiyan took him as an apprentice. They edited “Citizen Newspaper”， a political journal， together to disseminate ideas of democracy and revolution and promote the fight against the puppet regime. Gong published articles in the journal， blasting the Qing government’s treasonable acts and seeking democracy. His writings and thoughts received high praise from the big shots in Chinese democratic revolutionary circles. The journal was reviewed favorably and won great support of overseas Chinese and students study abroad.

Gong was more than a writer about revolution. He took active part in preparing for revolutionary undertakings which aimed at overturning the Qing government. He finished his study in Japan and went back to China in 1904. At the same year， a Chinese revolutionary alliance named “Restoration League” was founded in Shanghai. Together with Cai Yuanpei， Tao Chengzhang and other comrades， Gong Baoquan was one of the founding fathers. He also joined another revolutionary alliance “United League” in the following year. Gong traveled through Zhejiang， Jiangsu， and Anhui， propagating revolutionary thought and recruiting new members.

Gong also placed emphasis on personnel training. He jointly founded the Datong School in Shaoxing， Zhejiang Province with Tao Chengzhang， Xu Xilin and some other comrades. Young people received training for revolution. In 1905， he and Tao Chengzhang employed at a junior high school in Wuhu， a city on the Yangtze River in Anhui Province. The two did secret revolutionary works under the cover of teaching. After the failure of an uprising launched by the United League in 1907 in Pingxiang， Jiangxi Province， Gong Baoquan and Tao Chengzhang were forced to flee to Indonesia. They founded a school there and continued their revolutionary undertakings.

After the restoration of Zhejiang in 1911， Gong went back to Zhejiang and served as Chief Librarian of Zhejiang Library in 1912. During his 10-year tenure of office， he contributed a great deal to the cultural programs of Zhejiang. He published a series of books about Zhang Taiyan to disseminate Zhang’s thoughts. The Librarian started an ambitious project. He sent people to Beijing in a bid to copy the “Imperial Collection of Four”， the largest collection of books in Chinese history and probably the most ambitious editorial enterprise in the history of the world.

Gong passed away from pulmonary disease in June， 1922 at the age of 37. In the last ten years of his life， the revolutionary turned his mind and soul to Buddhism， and this is probably why he was buried near the Lingyin Temple， the most famous Buddhist sanctuary of Hangzhou. In 1925， Jiaxing County held a public ceremony in honor of local martyrs. In 1931， Jiaxing Government erected a monument in honor of the local 1911 Revolution heroes and Gong Baoquan was one of the seven martyrs officially named and honored. □