[摘要] 卵巢癌死亡率仍居婦科腫瘤之首。治療后的復發是影響卵巢癌患者存活率的重要因素。有效的復發預測因子的發現與機制研究將為卵巢癌復發控制提供思路,而復發的早期診斷和干預則能夠有效延長卵巢癌患者的生存時間。因此首次治療后有關卵巢癌復發風險的有效預測和復發的早期診斷,已經成為業內關注的熱點。本文就該領域的研究進展進行分析和探討。
[關鍵詞] 卵巢癌;復發預測;復發早期診斷
[中圖分類號] R737.31 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2012)04-0029-02
Advances in ovarian cancer recurrence prediction
WU Peng1 ZHENG Zhiguo2
1.Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022,China; 2.Tumor Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
[Abstract] Ovarian cancer mortality remains head of gynecologic tumor. After treatment of the recurrence in patients with ovarian cancer survival rates are important factors. Effective relapse predictors of discovery and mechanism study for recurrent ovarian cancer control provides train of thought, and the recurrence of early diagnosis and intervention can effectively prolong the survival time of patients with ovarian cancer. Therefore, after first treatment for ovarian cancer recurrence risk effective prediction and early diagnosis of recurrence, the industry has become the focus of attention. In this paper, the research progress of this area are analyzed and discussed.
[Key words] Ovarian cancer; Relapse predicting; Early diagnosis of relapse
卵巢癌死亡率仍居婦科腫瘤之首。盡管卵巢癌治療方案不斷改進,如手術切除范圍的擴大,紫杉醇類和鉑類藥物的聯合化療,但死亡率仍居高不下。據報道ⅢC期患者的五年生存率僅為27%[1]。治療后的復發是影響卵巢癌患者存活率的重要因素。大多數進展期卵巢癌患者在標準治療后幾個月或幾年內會復發,即使首次治療后完全緩解的患者,仍然有近50%的人會復發[2]。Tanner等[3]研究表明手術和化療后臨床已完全緩解的患者,隨訪監測顯示無癥狀復發的患者總生存率明顯好于有癥狀復發的患者(71.9︰50.7個月,P=0.004),這就需要早期發現復發患者。近年來各國學者致力于卵巢癌首次治療后有關復發控制的藥物研究,如Pazopanib[4],在實施復發控制前最好能明確哪些卵巢癌患者能從中受益,這需要在卵巢癌標準治療后對其復發風險進行預測。因而,卵巢癌首次治療后對其復發的早期診斷和復發風險有效預測已經成為業內關注的熱點。本文就該領域的研究進展進行分析和探討。
1 臨床資料與卵巢癌復發風險
基于臨床資料的研究顯示,卵巢癌的分期、分化程度、CA125值、術后殘留腫瘤大小等因素與卵巢癌復發風險明顯相關。對于不同期別卵巢癌單獨進行研究發現其復發風險因素有所差異,這樣更有利于臨床管理。Ⅰ期上皮來源的卵巢癌患者,手術時包膜破裂提示復發風險高[5]。對于早期卵巢癌患者,pT1c和pT2a或者低分化等提示其容易復發[6]。而對于早期高危上皮卵巢癌患者(stageⅠ,grade3;stageⅠC,stageⅡ,或者透明細胞癌)、高齡、高期別、低分化和細胞學檢查惡性的患者容易復發,總生存率也低[7],同時6次化療后的CA125水平也與無進展生存時間(PFS)明顯相關。當CA125水平≤12 U/mL時,其5年的PFS為83.3%,而CA125>12 U/mL時,其5年的PFS僅為37.5%(P<0.001)[8]。對于Ⅲ期上皮性卵巢癌患者,組織病理類型,術后殘留灶大小,患者體力狀態(PS)和化療次數等與其復發風險密切相關。漿液性癌比黏液性或透明細胞癌具有更好的PFS和總生存時間(OS),PS評分為1或2比0患者容易復發,殘留灶0.1到1.0 cm或>1.0 cm的患者比僅顯微鏡下可見殘留灶的患者更容易復發[9-10]。多個研究都證實化療前CA125水平和圍手術期的CA125水平,化療2到3次后CA125水平,化療期間或化療后CA125最低濃度,血清CA125半衰期等因素都能較好地預測卵巢癌復發風險[10-12]。
2 腫瘤組織各種分子標志物與卵巢癌復發風險
為了能更精確地預測或早期發現卵巢癌復發情況,人們還進行了大量的分子水平的研究。這些研究包括不同的分子形式(如蛋白表達水平,mRNA轉錄水平,DNA甲基化和MicroRNA水平等)。從腫瘤組織中蛋白表達水平分析,Chen等[13]研究發現組織中uPA、CD44和MDR1等蛋白表達情況與卵巢癌復發風險有關,三者同時表達陽性患者容易復發。組織中BubR1蛋白表達陽性也提示復發風險高,其表達陽性和陰性的RFS分別為27和83個月(P<0.001)[14]。另外,組織中MGB-2、Aurora A、Cdc7等蛋白表達陰性患者的復發風險增加,與上述蛋白表達情況相反[15-17]。從腫瘤組織中基因轉錄水平分析,Sox11基因轉錄水平升高提示不容易復發,且獨立于分期和分級[18]。而KLK6和KLK13轉錄水平增高的患者卻容易復發,而且總生存率也低[19]。另外,基因的不同可變剪切轉錄產物的功能有明顯的差異,而且與腫瘤患者預后相關,如p53 delta表達提示復發風險低,而p53 beta表達卻提示復發風險高[20]。從腫瘤組織中基因甲基化情況分析,SFRP1、SFRP2、SOX1和LMX1A的甲基化情況與復發風險和總生存率有關。SFRP1、SFRP2和SOX1中,其中一個基因甲基化就提示容易復發[21]。從腫瘤組織microRNAs水平分析,在進展期卵巢癌患者中,miR-200a、miR-200b和 miR-429的量與復發風險和總生存率有關,它們表達量增加提示不容易復發[22]。而miR-23a、miR-27a和miR-21等高表達卻提示容易復發[23]。但是以上與卵巢癌復發風險有關的分子標志物還需要進一步的驗證,還應研究它們之間的相互關系或可能的調控機制等。
3 血液各種分子標志物與卵巢癌復發風險
從血液中尋找能夠預測或早期發現卵巢癌復發的標志物更具優勢。在血液中檢測腫瘤標志物的改變,具有簡便、快捷、痛苦小及易復查等優點,也沒什么副作用,容易為患者接受。并且通過聯合多個標志物檢測有望提高其靈敏性和特異性。目前研究比較充分的是血清CA125。另外,血清中TIMP-1水平高提示容易復發[24]。對于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期上皮性卵巢癌,術前血紅素水平與其復發風險有關,當其值<12 g/dL提示容易復發[25]。但目前還沒有找到能有效用于卵巢癌復發風險預測和復發早期診斷的特異性標志物。
4 展望
目前卵巢癌患者治療后監測主要通過婦科檢查,CA-125、B超和CT等檢查。常規檢查方法難以準確預測或早期發現卵巢癌復發,或對早期復發病變難以做出正確診斷,這也是復發性卵巢癌治療效果差的主要原因之一。如果在卵巢癌患者首次治療后準確預測其復發風險,提前干預,或早期(即無癥狀期)發現腫瘤復發,使患者能盡早得到合理有效的治療,就能夠有效延長患者的生存時間。腫瘤復發的原因主要和腫瘤本身性質、腫瘤治療效果、腫瘤患者身體狀況等因素有關。這也是卵巢癌復發風險預測和復發早期發現的理論依據。
目前研究比較充分的來自臨床資料研究,結果顯示卵巢癌的分期、分化程度、CA125值、術后殘留腫瘤大小等因素與卵巢癌復發風險明顯相關。近年來研究發現大量與卵巢癌復發風險有關的分子標志物還需要進一步的驗證,且大多集中在腫瘤組織的分子信息。基于血液的分子標志物方便于隨訪檢測等優勢,今后應加強從血液中尋找能有效預測卵巢癌復發風險和復發早期診斷的標志物。隨著各種復發相關因素的發現與驗證,更應加強這些因素作用機制和復發控制等研究,把腫瘤本身性質、腫瘤治療效果、腫瘤患者身體狀況等因素結合起來綜合研究。
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(收稿日期:2011-11-23)