一、構成
動詞不定式是英語中動詞的一種非謂語形式,即由小品詞+動詞原形構成,有兩種形式,一種是不帶to的不定式,另一種是帶to的不定式。動詞不定式(含動詞不定式短語)有名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,在句子中除了不能充當謂語之外,可以充當其他任何句子成份。(注意:有一類謂語動詞后只能接不帶有to的不定式。)
1.使役性動詞。如:have、let、make等,例:Qoit stop her let her to home.
2.感官動詞。如:see、hear、notice、feel、taste、smell等,例:I heard somebody cry last night.
3.情態(tài)動詞。如:can、may、must等。例:You can go first.
4.一些固定結構如。Could、do、nothing、but、had、better、would、rather……than等。例:Youid bctfer ask the teacher first.
5.Why和Why not引導的提建議句型:
Why not go there with me at once?
Why do you come here so early?
6.兩個不定式被連接在一起時后不定式省去的:
It’s better to do than (to) say.
二、動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
1.動詞不定式一般式的主動語態(tài)“to+動詞原形”除表示現(xiàn)在情況外,還可以表示將來。例:It’s very nice to see you.
2.動詞不定式一般式的被動語態(tài)“to be +過去分詞”,例:The old should be treated as a child.
3.動詞不定式進行時態(tài),如:“to be +doing”表示這個動作與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。例:He seems to be reading English.
4.動詞不定式完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài),形式為“to have been+過去分詞,表示這一動作發(fā)生在主語動作之前。例:She seemed to have unclerstood me.
5.動詞不定式的完成式的被動語態(tài)形式為“to have been+過去分詞”。例:It was very angry to have been treated as a child.
三、動詞不定式的用法
1.作主語時,常用it作形式主語(it無詞義)而將不定式尾后作真正主語。例:To learn English well is very usefull→It’s very usefull to learn English well. 注意:It’s + adj +for / of + sb + to do sty中當形容詞。如:carefull、clever、kind、good、right、wrong等詞時或當sb與形容詞有邏輯上的主謂關系時用of。例:It’s kind of you to help me.
2.作賓語、動詞不定式常在:want、begin、stait、like、forget、ask、learn、decide、wish、hope、agree、refuse、fail、plan等的物動詞后作賓語。例:He asked us to do that thing.
注意:動詞不定式作賓語時,可用形式賓語it代替,不定式后移作真正賓語,其句型結構為:S+V+it+adj+(for sb) to do sth.例:I found it hessong to do that thing.
這類作謂語的動詞有:think、make、find、feel等。
3.作表語:多用來表示將來的職業(yè)或要做的某件事。
例:Her job is to help the patients.
The most important thing is to funisb the book.
4.作定語,有兩種情況
(1)被修飾成份在意義上是不定式所表動作的執(zhí)行者,不定式的動詞可以是積極動詞,如果是及物動詞就要帶上賓語:He is the first one to come. And the last to leave.I saw him vide abike.
(2)被修飾成份在意義上是不定式的動作的承受者時,不定式的動詞應是及物動詞,如是不及物動詞,其后應加相應的介詞。例:He has no pencit to writle with.
總之,作定語的不定式與所修飾的名詞在意義上有主謂關系或動賓關系,并且不定式放在被修飾的名詞之后。
5.作狀語
(1)作目的狀語,表示做該動作的目的:
He came here to see his father.
(2)作原因狀語:用在某些作表語的表情緒的形容詞之后,說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因,例:I’m sorry to hear that ……
常用的這類形容詞有:sorry、happy、pleased、angry、clever、polite、foolish、wrong、saynised等。
(3)作結果狀語
①only+不定式用來表示未預料到或令人沮喪的結果。例:I hurriecl to his house only to fird he was out.
②形副+enough+不定式,意為“只能……”來表示肯定的結果:He’s old enorgh to go to school.
③too+形副+不定式“有太……,都不能……”之意,有否定的意思:You ane too yourd to understand this.
④So……as+不定式結構,只表示結果。
He struck the snake so as to breack it’s back.
⑤有些動詞不定式在不及物動詞后或在及物動詞的賓語后面,可作結果狀語:They lived have to see the river.
(4)動作不定式也可跟在部分作表語的形容詞后作狀語,例:He is easy to get on with.
(5)部分動詞后面用不定式和動名詞作賓語均可,但意義上有差別,要區(qū)別對待,這樣的動詞有stop、rememhen、forget、help等。
(6)名詞+短語“疑問句+不定式”這種結構,在句子中可以作主語、賓語或表語,相當于一個從句,例:
She asked her mother when to go home.
Her to do the work is easy to decide.
The most importary thing is how to get the jcb.