【摘 要】 高中英語教材外研版中出現的表示“除了……”的介詞或介詞短語,其用法復雜多變,難以掌握,大多數學生分辨不清,文章將其用法和注意事項作一歸納和辨析。
【關 鍵 詞】 英語;高中;用法
高中英語教材外研版中出現的表示“除了……”的介詞或介詞短語,其用法復雜多變,難以掌握,大多數學生分辨不清,這里將其用法和注意事項作一歸納和辨析。
1. besides和except
<1>besides指“在整體中加入一部分”,其引出比前面更加有力的論據,通常表示遞加的概念,含義是肯定的。意指“除了……之外,還有……”如同with或plus(加)
①Besides half a bottle of whisky,he drank three gins and some beer. ②(2007全國Ⅱ,16)Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.
<2>except則表示一種排除關系,意指“除了……之外,不再有……”。except=without或minus(減),其后跟名詞、代詞、介詞短語或從句。
①I get up early every day except Sunday.(星期天不包括在內)
比較這兩個句子:
We all went except him.(他沒有去)
We all went besides him.(他也去了)
②We know little about the man except that he is an American.
③He never comes to see me except when it rains.
<3>注意:besides用在含有否定意義的句中時,意思相當于except,besides與except可換用,例如:
No one write to me besides you.
She posted me nothing besides(或except)a card.
2. except和except for
except指“從所指的人或事物中除去(除去的和非除去的是同類事物),即從整體中除去一部分”,通常表示遞減的概念,含義是否定的。except for 表示對整體主要部分的肯定和對局部的否定,說明整個基本情況后,又在細節上對主要意思作些修正,強調整體與局部的關系。前后內容不是同類,且從語氣上常表示遺憾。其后一般接名詞或動名詞。
①I like all drinks except whisky.(I don’t like whisky.)
②(2008浙江,17)Everything was perfect for the picnic except for the weather.
③Your composition is quite excellent except for some spelling mistakes.
some spelling mistakes(除去的)和your composition(非除去的)是不同類的事物。又如:He is a good man except for hot temper.
注意:①當except用于句首時,后面往往要加上for。如:Except for this,everything is in good order.相當于Everything is in good order except this.②except for后接名詞/代詞,可以轉化為except+從句或其他介詞短語。
Eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.
(except when it rains;except that it sometimes rains;except on the rainy days.)
3. but
<1>表示“除了...”的意思。它與except同義,都表示遞減的概念,二者在多數情況下可以互換,但用法稍有區別。如果句中有no,no one,none,nobody,nothing,all,anyone,anybody,anything,every,everyone,everybody,everything,who,that,where等否定詞、不定代詞或疑問詞時,多用but;如果句子后面跟賓語從句時,多用except。如①(選修8,Module 1)...so don’t take any souvenirs home with you,and be careful to leave nothing but footprints. ②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note. ③He no longer went out,except when Jane forced him.
<2>but位置的變化會引起人稱代詞主格,賓格的變化。如:
①No one but I (=except me)knows it.
②No one knows it but me.(=except me)
<3>but不接動名詞而接不定式,有“do”時去掉符號“to”,比較下面兩個句子:
I can do nothing but wait.
I had no choice but to wait.
<4>but for=without 含義有時與except for相同,但主要表示“要不是……”“如果沒有……”,常用于虛擬語氣,意思上相當于一個虛擬條件句,表示一種假設。例如:
①But for your help(If you hadn’t helped me),we couldn’t have carried out the plan.
②But for the atmosphere plants would die.
4. apart from
表示besides,也可以表示except或except for,還可以表示without的意思。后接名詞,代詞或動名詞。如:
①(選修7,Module 6)Apart from providing warmth,what was fire used for?
②(2011,福建,22)Apart from good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
③Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
④The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
⑤The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.(=except for)
⑥There can be no knowledge apart from practice.(=without)
5. in addition
兼有besides和as well(as)兩種含義,常用作副詞;in addition to 相當于as well as,besides,apart from,常用作介詞,但要注意 as well as 表示“除...之外”不那么正式。如:①(選修6,Module1)In addition,you need to know how long you should stay,and when you have to leave. ②(選修8,Module6)For children,it is a good way to explore language and have fun with words as well as to express themselves.
請看下面一道練習題:
___English,I have to study a second foreign language.
A. In addition thatB. In addition
C. In addition toD. Except
解析:題中In addition to 相當于besides,表示“除了英語...還得...”,而except表示“不包括英語”;in addition為副詞短語,作狀語。故正確答案為C。
6. other than=except,but,apart from
都表示從總體中除去一部分,后接名詞,代詞或不定式。如:①(選修8,Module5)...which is believed to be the only body in the solar system other than the Earth with liquid on the surface. ②(2011,全國1,30)The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. ③He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. ④English is now spoken in many countries other than England.(other than=besides) ⑤You can’t get there other than by swimming.(other than=in any other way than)
注意:下列句子中不宜用except代替other than.
(1)Your failure was due to nothing other than your own carelessness.
(2)He has no close friend other than me.
He never comes to see me other than.
【參考文獻】
[1] 朱建衛. 新課程視野下的高中英語語法教學[J]. 基礎教育外語教學研究,2005(8).
[2] 趙萬長. 認知法及其在英語語法教學中的應用[J]. 四川外語學院學報,2001(2).