陳觀貴 翟錦明
兒童分泌性中耳炎手術治療的遠期轉歸
陳觀貴 翟錦明
目的觀察鼓室置管對分泌性中耳炎兒童患者的遠期效果及對聽力及鼓膜形態的影響。方法回顧性分析2003年9月至2007年6月治療的78例兒童分泌性中耳炎患者。采用鼓室置管術,合并腺樣體肥大者同時行鼻內鏡下腺樣體切除術。通氣管留置時間4~28個月,隨訪4~7年。結果56例(71.8%)自覺聽力恢復正常,18例(23.1%)覺聽力明顯改善,僅有4例(5.1%)無明顯改善,平均聽力提高約20 dB HL。42耳(44.7%)鼓膜形態正常,16耳(17.0%)出現鼓膜鈣化,25耳(26.6%)鼓膜局部變薄、18耳(19.1%)鼓膜內陷,3耳(3.2%)鼓膜穿孔,2耳(2.1%)鼓膜肉芽,0例膽脂瘤,8耳(8.5%)鼓室積液并再次手術。鼓室置管后患者聽力提高將近20 dB HL,但高達53.2%的患兒鼓膜出現異常改變。結論鼓室置管導致近一半患兒鼓膜出現異常改變,嚴格的掌握手術適應證很重要,術后需嚴格隨訪及跟進處理。
中耳炎;外科手術;鼓室置管
分泌性中耳炎是導致兒童聽力下降的最常見原因,鼓室置管是治療分泌性中耳炎及復發性中耳炎常用的治療手段,本研究通過長時間的跟蹤隨訪,分析兒童分泌性中耳炎患者鼓室置管后的長期轉歸。
1.1 臨床資料2002年9月至2007年6月在我科住院治療并有完整隨訪資料的78例(94耳)兒童分泌性中耳炎患者。其中,男41例,女37例,左耳27例,右耳35例,雙耳16例,共計94耳,年齡3~15歲,平均6歲;病程12周至2年。入選病例手術前經過門診觀察治療至少12周。可以配合客觀聽力檢查的患兒進行純音測聽檢測,電耳鏡觀察并記錄患者鼓膜形態。
2.1 主訴癥狀56例(71.8%)自覺聽力恢復正常,18例(23.1%)覺聽力明顯改善,僅有4例(5.1%)無明顯改善。癥狀全部消失50例(64.1%),存在耳鳴8例(10.2%),耳堵塞感反復發作13例(16.7%),反復耳流液7例(9.0%)。
2.2 鼓膜形態改變42耳(44.7%)鼓膜形態正常,16耳(17.0%)出現鼓膜鈣化,25耳(26.6%)鼓膜局部變薄、18耳(19.1%)鼓膜內陷,3耳(3.2%)鼓膜穿孔,2耳(2.1%)鼓膜肉芽,0例膽脂瘤,8耳(8.5%)鼓室積液。鼓室積液復發的患兒6例(8耳),原因為脫管過早或通氣管堵塞,再次行鼓室置管術。
2.3 聽力學隨訪全部病例中,記錄到術前及術后純音測聽結果的病例共43例,應用統計軟件SPSS 15.0進行配對t檢驗。術前氣導平均聽閾為(32.4±10.7)dB,術后約(12.3± 8.5)dB,兩者比較差異有顯著性(P<0.05)。
鼓室置管術是兒童全身麻醉手術中最常見的手術類型之一,本研究中,鼓室置管術后長期隨訪4~7年,顯示術后聽力較術前聽力有顯著性提高,但高達53.2%的患兒鼓膜出現病理異常改變。鼓膜改變包括鼓室硬化、鼓膜局部內陷、萎縮、鼓膜穿孔,鼓膜肉芽。文獻報道鼓膜改變的發生率不一,據統計局部萎縮及鼓室硬化是最常見的病理改變[1],鼓膜局部萎縮的發生率為25%,鼓室硬化發生率為23%~53[2]。鼓室硬化的發生率與鼓膜通氣管留置時間成正比,Yaman發現鼓室置管時間大于12個月是鼓室硬化發生率大大提高,小于6月時鼓膜硬化發生率為14.3%,而大于12個月時為44.1%[3]。鼓膜硬化多發生于鼓室置管后,雖然鼓膜硬化只是導致輕微的聽力損失(不超過0.5 dB),但其長期的負面影響仍未能排除[4]。
對于兒童分泌性中耳炎進行手術治療的目的之一是改善患兒的聽力,讓其享有足夠的聽力水平及良好的語言發育環境。該研究中鼓室置管后患兒的聽力大部分可以恢復到或接近正常兒童聽力水平,術前比術后聽力提高約20 dB HL,與其他學者的研究結論一致[5]。但手術后的鼓膜病理改變會增加聽力損失的風險。Johnston設計一項前瞻性對比研究,觀察429例患兒分泌性中耳炎的治療效果,發現鼓室置管術(包括早期治療和晚期治療)大大增加鼓膜病理改變發生率,并導致聽閾提高約2.0 dB HL,因此作者建議對于3歲前患有分泌性中耳炎的患兒,如果沒有合并神經性聾或嚴重的傳導性聾、平衡功能障礙或嚴重的鼓膜內陷等情況,長時間的觀察應是合適的處理措施[1]。本文作者建議經過臨床藥物治療或者觀察至少3個月,并且患者存在40 dB HL以上的聽力下降,或伴有高危因素等,才考慮進行手術治療,術后需嚴格隨訪及跟進處理。
[1]Johnston LC,Feldman HM,Paradise JL,et al.Tympanic membrane abnormalities and hearing levels at the ages of 5 and 6 years in relation to persistent otitis media and tympanostomy tube insertion in the first 3 years of life:a prospective study incorporating a randomized clinical trial.Pediatrics,2004,114(1):58-67.
[2]Pereira MB,Pereira DR,Costa SS.Tympanostomy tube sequelae in children with otitis media with effusion:a three-year follow-up study.Braz J Otorhinolaryngol,2005,71(4):415-420.
[3]Yaman H,Guclu E,Yilmaz S,et al.Myringosclerosis after tympanostomy tube insertion:relation with tube retention time and gender.Auris Nasus Larynx,2010,37(6):676-679.
[4]Vlastarakos PV,Nikolopoulos TP,Korres S,et al.Grommets in otitis media with effusion:the most frequent operation in children. But is it associated with significant complications?.Eur J Pediatr,2007,166(5):385-391.
[5]Valtonen HJ,Qvarnberg YH,Nuutinen J.Otological and audiological outcomes five years after tympanostomy in early childhood.Laryngoscope,2002,112(4):669-675.
Long-term effects of tympanostomy tube insertion on children with otitis media with effusion
CHEN Guan-gui,ZHAI Jin-ming.Department of Otorhinolarygology,Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical college,Guangzhou 510260,China
ObjectiveTo study the long-term effects of tympanostomy tube insertion on the tympanic membrane and hearing results.MethodsFrom September 2003 to June 2007,tympanostomy tubes were inserted in 78 children for otitis media with effusion,adenoidectomy were performed in 10 cases combined by adenoid hypertrophy.Ventilating tubes were retained for 4~28 months,and all patients were followed up for 4~7 years,audiometric testing and tympanic membrane abnormalities were recorded.ResultsSubjectively 71.8% of the patients noticed hearing recovery,while 23.1%improved,5.1%no improvement.The improvement of hearing was about 20 dB HL on average.44.7%patients showed normal tympanic membrane,while tympanosclerosis was observed in 16 ears(17.0%),Segmental atrophy changes of the tympanic membrane were seen in 25 ears(26.6%),Retraction were seen in 18 ears(19.1%),the eardrum was perforated in 3 ears(3.2%),granulation happened to 2 ears(2.1%),and no cholesteatoma was found in all cases.Repeated intubation was performed in 8 ears(8.5%)for recurrence.Tympanostomy tube insertion can effectively improve hearing in a large percentage of children for otitis media with effusion.However,tympanic membrane abnormity were found in 53.2%patients.ConclusionTympanic membrane abnormity were found in about one half of patients after tympanostomy tube insertion,so surgery must be under strict indication and following up timely with appropriate management when necessary.
Otitis media with effusion;Surgery;Tympanostomy tube insertion
510260廣州醫學院第二附屬醫院耳鼻咽喉科
1.2 手術方法患者均取靜脈或者復合全身麻醉,耳科手術顯微鏡下或耳內窺鏡下操作,消毒外耳道后于鼓膜前下或后下象限切開鼓膜,抽吸出鼓室內積液,用含地塞米松的生理鹽水沖洗鼓室,放置入啞鈴型硅膠中耳通氣管(內徑1 mm)。其中16例合并腺樣體肥大,同時進行鼻內鏡下腺樣體切除術。
1.3 隨訪通氣管留置時間4~28個月,隨訪4~7年,1年內每月隨訪1次,1年后每3個月隨訪1次。隨訪檢查鼓室無分泌物后取出通氣管,同時記錄患兒的主觀癥狀、鼓膜形態學改變及聽力學檢查。